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GIFT   OF 
Harry  East  Miller 


'HE  CROSS  ON  WHICH  THEI^CE  OF 
HE  WORLD  HAS  BEEN  CRUQ 


For  the  Quiet  Hour 

In  these  times  of  turmoil  and  distress,  such  de- 
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man  or  woman.  They  bring  quietness  and  calm- 
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time  inspire  to  higher  standards  of  living. 

ALONE  WITH  GOD 

Our  newest  book.  With  the  aid  of  many  inspirational  inci- 
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Beautifully  printed  on  high  grade  paper,  contains  128  pages, 
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THOUGHTS  FROM  THE  MOUNT 
OF  BLESSING 

Some  of  the  grandest  and  sweetest  thoughts  ever  expressed 
are  to  be  found  in  this  little  volume.  Every  one  of  its  217 
pages  is  filled  with  encouragement  and  help.  Chapter  titles : 
"On  the  Mountain  Side" — "The  Lord's  Prayer" — "The  Be- 
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STEPS  TO  CHRIST 

Its  worth  and  popularity  are  attested  by  the  fact  that  it  is 
published  in  twenty-three  languages.  Presents,  in  a  simple 
and  attractive  manner,  the  steps  by  which  the  sinner  may 
find  Christ  and  be  made  complete  in  Him.  Also  a  wealth  of 
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IN  TOUCH  WITH  GOD 

Prayer  calms  the  mind,  quiets  the  fears,  subdues  the  pas- 
sions, conquers  habits,  mollifies  feelings,  and  is  a  general  tonic 
for  health  and  happiness.  Ever  look  at  it  in  just  that  way? 
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cently published  book  of  300  pages.  Filled  with  helpful  ex- 
periences of  the  author,  of  whom  it  has  been  said,  "The  man 
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The  World  War 

Its  Relation  to  the  Eastern  Question 
and  Armageddon 


ARTHUR   G.  DANIELLS,   EVANGELIST 
A  World-wide  Traveler  and  Lecturer 


The  World  War 

Its  Relation  to  the  Eastern 
Question  and   Armageddon 


By  ARTHUR  G.  DANIELLS 


Pacific  Press  Publishing  Association 

Mountain  View,  California 

Kansas  City,  Missouri  Portland,  Oregon  Brookfield,  Illinois 

Calgary,  Alberta,  Canada        Cristobal,  Canal  Zone 


J>5>3 


CONTENTS 


The  World  War     -                           -  7 

The  Cause  and  the  Meaning     -  19 
The  Great  Nations  Speak  for  Themselves     -       31 

The  Eastern  Question  49 

The  Fate  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  59 

Armageddon       -*'•/"    V  '~;    :.*  f :  77 

The  Present  OutloqJT.  103 
A  Kingdom  g 


Copyright,  1917 

Review  and  Herald  Pub.  Assn. 
Washington,  D.  C. 


Photo,  Am.  Press  Assn. 

The  World  on  Fire 


FOREWORD 

THE  story  of  the  world  war  is  familiar  to  all.  Its  daily-increasing 
horrors  are  heralded  morning  and  evening  with  startling  headlines 
in  every  newspaper  in  every  country  the  world  over.  It  would  seem 
as  if  civilization  were  committing  suicide  —  that  all  the  forces  of  knowl- 
edge and  power  in  this  enlightened  age  had  contributed  to  a  carnival  of 
self-destruction. 

It  is  plainly  evident  that  an  acute  crisis  in  the  affairs  of  the  world 
has  set  in,  and  it  is  more  and  more  clearly  dawning  upon  the  conscious- 
ness of  men  that  this  upheaval  of  the  nations  may  be  the  prelude  of  "the 
war  of  the  great  day  of  God,  the  Almighty." 

A  world-problem  challenges  attention,  and  many  thoughtful  men  are 
searching  for  a  solution.  Says  the  Springfield  Republican: — 

"  Writers  who  can  tell  a  stupefied  world  what  this  fearful  portent 
means,  who  can  throw  light  on  the  great  fundamental  problems  of  the 
race,  and  give  some  hint  as  to  its  destiny,  will  have  an  attentive  and 
even  anxious  audience." 

In  this  hour  of  trouble  unparalleled  in  human  history,  we  turn  to 
the  Word  of  the  living  God — from  the  uncertainty  of  the  times  to  the 
"sure  word  of  prophecy."  Now,  as  in  all  past  crises,  that  Word  is  a  light 
which  all  men  may  follow  with  confidence  and  hope. 

This  book  is  the  outgrowth  of  sincere  convictions,  and  carries  a  mes- 
sage which  entitles  it  to  candid  and  thoughtful  consideration.  It  is  sin- 
cerely hoped  that  its  perusal  may  lead  many  to  a  better  understanding 
of  the  vital  significance  of  this  world  war  in  its  relation  to  the  coming 
kingdom  o'f  peace. 

THE  PUBLISHERS. 

M82493 


O  H 
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K  .2 

'*  5 

H  e 

E  8 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

War's  Toll  has  claimed  their  All 


THE  WORLD  WAR 

• 

THE  most  gigantic,  devastating  war  recorded  in  the 
annals  of  the  human  race,  suddenly  broke  upon  the  world 
in  the  summer  of  1914.  From  the  very  first,  several  of 
the  most  powerful  nations  of  earth  were  involved,  and 
by  the  close  of  1916  there  had  been  swept  into  the  cata- 
clysm sixteen  nations,  representing  three  fifths  of  the 
human  family,  and  a  like  proportion  of  the  land  area  of 
the  world.  The  nations  that  have  not  been  drawn  into 
this  titanic  struggle  have  found  it  most  difficult  to  keep 
out.  It  is  not  without  good  reason  that  this  great  conflict 
has  been  named  "  The  World  War." 

A  Heavy  Toll  in  Human  Life 

The  world  is  staggering  under  the  terrific  blows  dealt 
in  this  great  war.  The  reports  of  casualties  covering 
only  the  first  two  years  of  unprecedented  strife  are 
paralyzing, —  more  than  four  million  killed,  nearly  f our- 

7 


The  World  War 


9 


teen  million  wounded,  and  upwards  of  four  million  taken 
prisoners  and  missing, —  a  total  of  more  than  twenty- 
two  million.  And  yet,  notwithstanding  these  fearful 
losses,  the  third  year  of  warfare  was  begun  with  twenty 
million  or  more  men  still  under  arms.  These  multiplied 


Dates  of  Declarations  of  War 

Following  is  a  list  of  all  the  formal  declarations  of  war  in  the 
present  conflict,  with  their  dates  ;  also  the  dates  of  the  more  im- 
portant cases  in  which  hostilities  began  without  formal  notice. 
Official  announcements  of  a  state  of  war,  as  in  the  case  of  Russia, 
Bulgaria,  the  United  States,  and  Cuba,  are  treated  as  equivalent 
to  formal  declarations  of  war :  — 


1914 

July  28.  Austria  v.  Serbia. 
Aug.    1.  Germany  v.  Russia.. 
Aug.    3.  Germany  v.  France. 
Aug.    4.  Germany  v.   Belgium. 
Aug.    4.  France  v.   Germany. 
Aug.    4.  Great  Britain  v.  Germany. 
Aug.    6.  Austria  v.  Russia. 
Aug.    7.  Montenegro  v.  Austria. 
Aug.  10.  France  v.  Austria. 
Aug.  10.  Austria  v.  France. 
Aug.  12.  Great  Britain  v.  Austria. 
Aug.  12.  Montenegro  v.  Germany. 
Aug.  23.  Japan  v.  Germany. 
Aug.  25.  Austria  v.  Japan. 
Aug.  28.  Austria  v.  Belgium. 
Oct.   29.  Turkey  v.  Russia. 
Nov.    2.  Russia  v.  Turkey. 
Nov.    5.  Great  Britain  v.  Turkey. 
Nov.    5.  France  v.  Turkey. 
Nov.    7.  Belgium  v.  Turkey. 
Nov.    7.  Serbia  v.  Turkey. 
Nov.  10.  Montenegro  v.  Turkey. 


1915 

May  23.  Italy  v.  Austria. 
June    3.  San  Marino  v.  Austria. 
Aug.  20.  Italy  v.  Turkey. 
Oct.     7.  Russia  v.  Bulgaria. 
Oct.   14.  Bulgaria  v.  Serbia. 
Oct.   14.  Great  Britain  v.  Bulgaria. 
Oct.    16.  Bulgaria  v.  Russia. 
Oct.   16.  France  v.  Bulgaria. 
Oct.   18.  Italy  v.   Bulgaria. 
Oct.   18.  Montenegro  v.  Bulgaria. 

1916 

Mar.    9.  Germany  v.  Portugal. 
Mar.  10.  Portugal  v.  Germany. 
Mar.  16.  Austria  v.  Portugal. 
Aug.  28.  Italy  v.  Germany. 
Aug.  28.  Rumania  v.  Austria. 
Aug.  28.  Germany  v.  Rumania. 
Aug.  30.  Rumania  v.  Bulgaria. 
Aug.  31.  Turkey  v.  Rumania. 
Sept.    1.  Bulgaria  v.  Rumania. 

1917 

April  6.  United  States  v.  Germany. 
April  7.  Cuba  v.  Germany. 


millions,  when  called  to  the  front,  were  in  the  vigor  of 
manhood.  They  were  the  strength  and  flower  of  this 
generation. 

Never  before  in  the  history  of  the  world  have  such 
vast  armies  been  assembled  on  battle  fields,  never  has 
warfare  been  so  deadly,  never  has  the  toll  in  wounded 
and  dead  been  so  heavy.  As  Prince  Lvoff,  president  of 
the  Ail-Russian  Zemstvo  Union,  says-:  — 


10 


The  World  War 


"Millions  of  strong  and  noble  lives  have  been  swept  away; 
energy  has  been  wasted  and  forces  have  been  destroyed  which  would 
have  lasted  for  decades,  perhaps  for  centuries,  of  peaceful,  indus- 
trious life.  Colossal  natural  resources  have  been  consumed,  precious 
treasures  accumulated  by  human  genius  have  been  demolished,  which 
would  have  subsisted  many  generations  of  humanity.  And  still  the're 
is  no  end.  This  merciless  destruction  has  naturally  furnished  some 
foundation  for  calling  this  callous  and  monstrous  war  a  '  war  of 
exhaustion.'  "  1 

The  war  that  began  in  1914  has  filled  the  world  with 
more  sorrowing  relatives,  fatherless  children,  and  broken- 
hearted widows  than  any  other  war  since  the  world  began. 


Total  Casualties  for  the  First  Two 
Years  of  the  World  War 

From  Aug.  1,  1914,  to  July  31.  1916,  as  estimated  by 
the  Society  for  the  Study  of  the  Social  Consequences 
of  the  War,  of  Copenhagen,  Denmark  (see  Washing- 
ton,  D.   C.,  Post;  Sept.   22,   1916). 

Country 

Killed 

Wounded 

Prisoners 

Total 

205  447 

512,465 
2,704,000 
3,163,334 
1,775,125 
35,000 
550,000 
4,720,000 
245,000 
140,000 
110,000 

109,358 
400,000 
245,000 
591,000 
6,000 
70,000 
2,420,000 
55,000 
200,000 
40,000 

827,240 
3,974,000 
4,301,545 
2,889,250 
48,500 
747,000 
8,500,000 
405,000 
400,000 
200,000 

France     

870  000 

893  211 

Austria     

523,125 

Bulgaria     .  . 

7  500 

127,000 

Russia     

.  .  .   1,360  000 

Italy 

105  000 

Serbia      

60,000 

Belgium    

50,000 

Totals 

.  ,  ,    4,201,283 

13,954,924 

4,136,358 

22,292,535 

It  would  seem  that  the  terrible  destruction  already 
wrought  would  so  appall  the  rulers  of  the  nations  involved 
that  they  would  find  some  way  to  bring  this  struggle  to 
an  end.  But  it  does  not.  The  combatants  apparently  grow 
more  determined  as  the  war  lengthens.  One  writer  de- 
clares that  this  war  seems  "  like  some  infernal  dream 
-ilevised  by  the  imps  of  hell  sitting  in  a'n  eternity  of  in- 
ventive council."  Another  says :  "  The  rulers  of  nations 

1  Current  History,  May,  1916,  p.  344. 


The  World  War 


11 


are  stupid.  It  would  seem  that  they  were  blinded  by  the 
gods.  It  is  as  if  madness  is  upon  them,  a  fatuity  incur- 
able; a  mania  fatal,  malignant,  satanic." 

New  Instruments  of  Destruction 

The  editor  of  the  Washington    (D.  C.)    Times2  de- 
clares :  - 

"The  world   was  horrified   when   it  was  first  announced  that 
asphyxiating  gases  were  being  used  in  the  present  war.     It  was  ap- 


The  Principal  Battle  Fronts,  April  1,  1917 

palled,  and  still  is,  at  the  revolution  in  naval  fighting  .  .  .  brought 
with  the  submarine.  The  aircraft,  dropping  deadly  missiles  upon 
defenseless  and  undefended  towns,  brought  another  shock.  The  new 
British  armored  car  is  but  one  more  steel-geared  Frankenstein  of 
war.  It  seems  as  if  the  resources  and  the  ingenuity  of  modern  science 
were  never  so  zealous,  so  persistent,  so  coldly,  calculatingly,  fiend- 
ishly determined,  as  they  have  been  in  fabricating  engines  of  de- 
struction." Yet  "  as  we  become  accustomed  to  the  reports  of  daily 
agonies  of  whole  populations,  sensibilities  are  benumbed;  civiliza- 
tion pinches  itself,  wondering  whether  it  is  paralyzed.  It  has  .reason 
to  fear." 

a  Sept.  17,  1916. 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

BRINGING  IN  THEIR  WOUNDED  CORPORAL 
12 


The  World  War  13 

The  editor  of  the  New  York  Sun 3  says :  — 

"  All  the  world  has  been  stunned  by  the  concussion  of  earth- 
shaking  howitzers,  dismayed  by  the  rending  asunder  of  the  earth 
itself  in  the  rage  and  with  the  dreadful  engines  of  the  new  war  — 
and  the  people  have  said:  Nothing  remains  but  brutality  and  horror; 
all  the  glamour  and  romance  are  crushed  out  of  life  in  this  hideous 
catastrophe.  Joy  is  dead,  hope  is  fled,  nothing  is  left  on  earth  but 
gloom  and  death." 


Nearly  Two  Thirds  the  Population  of  the 
World  at  War 

ENTENTE 

British  Empire                                                                         422.000.000 

France  and  colonies           

.     _      94,000,000 

Russian  Empire 

171,000,000 

Italy  and  colonies       

—      36,800,000 

Belgium  and  Congo 

23,000,000 

Japan    _       _     _         _       _ 

67,000,000 

Portugal 

5,958,000 

Serbia         _     

2,900,000 

Montenegro 

516,000 

Rumania     _           _           

7,000,000 

United  States  and  colonial  possessions 

113,201,027 

Cuba    ___..____                 __     _           _ 

2.511.098 

Total 

945  886  225 

CENTRAL  POWERS 

German  Empire 

78  000  000 

Austria-Hungary 

49  500  000 

Turkey                         _     

31,580,000 
4  500  000 

Bulgaria 

Total 

163  580  000 

Population  of  nations  at,  war             _       _ 

1  109  466  225 

World's  population     

1,721,426  000 

Professor  Ferrero,  the  Italian  historian,  expresses 
the  same  thought  in  these  words :  — 

"  The  Europe  in  which  we  were  born  has  in  great  part  crumblefl 
away  since  Aug.  1,  1914.  Everything  has  been  upheaved,  suspended, 
overturned,  destroyed." 

A  Heavy  Toll   in  Money 

Never  before  has  the  cost  of  war  in  money  been  so 
great.  In  round  numbers  the  first  two  years'  war  cost 
the  nations  engaged  in  it  fifty  billion  dollars, —  an  aver- 
age cost  of  about  sixty-eight  million  dollars  a  day.  And 

8  July  10,  1916. 


14  The  World  War 

at  the  close  of  the  first  two  years,  the  expense  of  main- 
taining the  conflict  had  reached  the  astounding  sum  of 
one  hundred  million  dollars  a  day,  or  about  seventy  thou- 
sand dollars  a  minute,  night  and  day. 

The  total  expense  for  operating  the  government  of 
the  United  States  during  1915  was  a  little  more  than 
seven  hundred  million  dollars — the  amount  required  to 
finance  this  great  war  only  one  short  week.  These 
figures  are  truly  appalling. 

Waste  and  Ruin 

The  war  that  began  in  1914  far  exceeds,  in  magnitude 
and  waste  and  ruin,  any  previous  war  of  which  we  have 
any  record.  The  statistics  of  all  the  great  wars  of  the 
nineteenth  century  show  that  the  casualties  amounted 
to  about  ten  million  men,  and  the  expenditure  to  a  little 
more  than  twenty-five  billion  dollars.  The  total  cost,  in 
lives  and  dollars,  of  all  the  great  wars  of  the  previous 
century,  aggregates  scarcely  more  than  half  the  cost  of 
the  World  War  during  the  first  two  years  of  its  progress, 
from  1914  to  1916. 

But,  as  Mr.  Hamilton  Holt,  editor  of  the  New  York 
Independent,  truly  says :  - 

"  It  is  impossible  to  compute  statistically  the  grief,  misery,  and 
want  necessarily  involved  in  these  amazing  totals.  Hunger  and  suf- 
fering do  not  lend  themselves  to  the  processes  of  arithmetic.  Blasted 
homes  are  not  to  be  expressed  in  algebraic  symbols,  and  stunted  lives 
are  not  to  be  interpreted  by  mathematics." 

Nothing  Like   It  Since  the  World  Began 

It  is  becoming  more  evident,  as  time  passes,  that  this 
world-struggle  is  a  far  more  serious  affair  than  was  at 
first  realized.  Winston  Spencer  Churchill,  former  first 
Lord  of  the  British  Admiralty,  writes :  — 

"  When  Armageddon  burst  over  Europe,  probably  no  single  brain 
achieved  a  complete  and  rightly  proportioned  view  of  the  cataract 
of  events.  .  .  . 

"  For  nearly  two  years  the  armies  of  Europe  have  dwelt  close 
together  in  opposing  ditches,  fed  by  lavish  floods  of  human  life  and 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

AN  IMPRESSIVE  FUNERAL  SERVICE 
For  Belgian  Officers  and  Soldiers,  conducted  immediately  behind  the  Firing  Lfne 

15 


16 


The  World  War 


broadening  streams  of  shot  and  shell,  tormenting  each  other  by  ever- 
growing and  improving  agencies  of  death;  and  behind  them  their 
countries  have  transformed  the  infinitely  varied  activities  of  modern 
civilization  into  the  three  comprehensive  institutions  of  the  barracks, 
the  arsenal,  and  the  hospital.  .  .  . 


<•'  AUSTRIA 
HUNGARY 


THE   "FORBIDDEN   ZONES" 
The  Areas  of  Unrestricted  Operation  of  Submarines  since  Feb.  1,  1917 

"Every  man,  every  woman,  every  workable  child,  is  gradually 
being  fitted  into  the  war  machine. 

"  A  somber  mood  prevails  in  Britain,"  adds  Mr.  Churchill  in  clos- 
ing. "  The  faculty  of  wonder  has  been  dulled;  .  .  .  death  is  familiar, 
and  sorrow  numb.  The  world  is  in  twilight;  and  from  beyond  dim 
flickering  horizons  comes  tirelessly  the  thudding  of  guns."  * 

« Current  History,  October,  1916,  pp.  Ill,  112. 


The  World  War 


17 


The  editor  of  Life  (Australia)  observes:  — 

"The  great  war  grows  in  scale  and  significance  as  each  day 
passes.  It  is  plainly  '  the  war  of  all  the  centuries.'  .  .  .  The  war  will 
not  only  give  the  world  a  new  map;  it  will  give  to  civilized  history  a 
new  date,  and  perhaps  a  new  form." 

Dr.  Nicholas  Murray  Butler  says :  — 

"  The  cataclysm  is  so  awful  that  it  is  quite  within  the  bounds  of 
truth  to  say  that  on  July  31  [1914]  the  curtain  went  down  upon  a 
world  which  will  never  be  seen  again." 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Women  responding  to  Red  Cross  call  for  Volunteers 

Prince  Lvoff  expresses  the  same  thought :  - 

"  This  war  has  separated  the  past  from  the  present  by  a  heavy 
curtain.  Whenever  and  however  it  may  come  to  an  end,  it  is  clear 
that  we  are  through  with  the  old  order  of  things,  and  a  new  one  will 
have  to  take  its  place."  5 

In  a  recent  address  before  the  Rumanian  Chamber 
of  Deputies,  Mr.  Jonescu,  leader  of  the  National  Demo- 
cratic party,  said :  - 

"We  are  faced  by  a  catastrophe  involving  the  whole  of  the  hu- 
man race;  we  have  before  our  eyes  the  declining  twilight  of  one 
world,  preceding  the  dawn  of  another  and  a  new."  « 

B  Current  History,  May,  1916,  p.  344.        *ld.,  October,  1916,  p.  64. 


The  Cross  on  which  the  Peace  of  the  World  has  been  Crucified 


THE  CAUSE  AND  THE  MEANING 

As  the  months  have  rolled  by  and  the  horrors  of  the 
World  War  have  been  driven  deeper  into  the  hearts  of 
multiplied  millions,  the  questions  have  been  repeated 
with  increasing  emphasis:  What  is  the  cause  of  this 
war?  What  are  these  nations  fighting  about  so  des- 
perately? What  is  the  prize  for  which  such  heavy  toll 
is  being  paid?  What  does  it  mean?  and  what  will  be 
the  end  of  the  struggle? 

Facing  these  pressing  inquiries,  the  editor  of  the 
Springfield  Republican  says :  - 

"  Writers  who  can  tell  a  stupefied  world  what  this  fearful  portent 
means,  who  can  throw  light  on  the  great  fundamental  problems  of 
the  race,  and  give  some  hint  as  to  its  destiny,  will  have  an  attentive 
and  even  anxious  audience." 

This  "  fearful  portent "  must  have  both  a  cause  and 
a  meaning.  A  World  War  is  not  being  fought  without 
R,  cause.  The  rulers,  the  premiers,  the  secretaries  of 

19 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

EMPEROR   WILLIAM   OF  GERMANY 
Latest  photograph  taken  in  his  Field  Unifc 

20 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood.  N.  Y. 


PRINCE  VON  BISMARCK 

The  Iron  Chancellor  "  who  conceived  and  executed  the  plan  to  build  a 
United  German  Empire 


21 


22  The  World  War 

foreign  affairs,  the  ambassadors,  the  great  generals  and 
admirals  of  these  warring  nations,  know  very  well  what 
is  at  stake  in  this  great  conflict. 

Furthermore,  a  World  War  must  have  a  great  mean- 
ing as  well  as  a  great  cause.  What  this  colossal  struggle 
means  to  the  world,  how  it  will  leave  mankind  when  it 


Photos,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 


.    German  Imperial   Chancellor  General  von  Hindenburg, 

von  Bethmann-Hollwesr  Field  Marshal  of  the  German  Forces 

is  over,  what  will  follow, —  these  are  questions  of  supreme 
interest  to  the  whole  human  race.  And  the  meaning 
concerns  us  more  vitally  and  seriously  than  does  the 
cause. 

Unquestionably,  this  World  War  belongs  to  a  series 
of  epoch-making  events  which  lead  toward  one  great 
culminating  event  in  the  history  and  destiny  of  the  hu- 
man race.  Only  a  partial  explanation  of  its  meaning 
can  be  found  in  the  field  of  international  policies,  treaties, 
commerce,  and  the  like.  Not  until  the  realm  of  the  super- 


The  Cause  and  the  Meaning  23 

natural  is  entered,  and  the  high  purpose  and  controlling 
power  of  the  Supreme  Being  are  recognized,  can  there 
be  found  a  full  and  satisfactory  explanation  of  this  great 
catastrophe  that  has  overtaken  us. 

The  insistent  demand  for  an  explanation  of  what  is 
felt  to  be  the  "  greatest  crime  in  all  history,"  has  led  to 


Photos,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

The  German  Crown  Prince,  who  led  Capt.   von   Papen,   former   German 

his  Forces  against  Verdun  Attache  at  Washington 

a  most  diligent  study  of  the  real  cause,  and  to  a  clean- 
cut  statement  of  the  findings  in  this  investigation.  Mem- 
bers of  cabinets,  statesmen,  and  diplomats  have  taken 
the  world  into  their  confidence,  revealing  and  explaining 
to  them  international  policies,  intrigues,  and  complica- 
tions that  had  previously  been  labeled  "  confidential " 
and  "  secret."  Editors,  historians,  and  veteran  war  cor- 
respondents have  dug  their  way  into  the  hidden  ramifi- 
cations of  international  affairs,  and  have  brought  to  the 
public  the  facts  they  have  found. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

MONARCHS  WITHOUT  A  COUNTRY 
King  Albert  and  Queen  Elizabeth  of  Belgium 
24 


The  Cause  and  the  Meaning  25 

As  a  result  of  this  thorough  research  and  candid  ex- 
planation, there  is  a  far  better  understanding  now  of 
the  cause  of  the  war  than  there  was  when  it  broke  upon 
the  world  so  suddenly  during  the  summer  of  1914.  And 
a  remarkable  unanimity  of  views  regarding  the  cause 
has  been  reached.  While  it  is  clearly  recognized  that 
there  are  a  number  of  secondary  contributing  caus'es, 
yet  there  is  a  general  agreement  that  one  primary  out- 
standing cause  looms  above  all  the  others. 

"  A  World  Change  " 

In  an  effort  to  trace  the  cause  of  this  World  War, 
L.  T.  Hobhouse,  in  "The  World  in  Conflict,"  says:  — 

"  It  is  not  in  reality  one  event  that  has  changed  the  world.  It 
is  a  world-change  that  has  culminated  in  a  great  event." — Page  16. 

This  is  an  important  discrimination.  The  devas- 
tating war  into  which  the  world  has  been  plunged  is 
more  than  an  event.  It  is  the  culmination  of  a  "  world- 
change  "  that  has  been  effected  by  decades  of  interna- 
tional expansions,  rivalries,  and  intrigues. 

These  world-conditions  clash  at  so  many  vital  points 
that  war  is  inevitable,  unless  some  of  these  policies  are 
abandoned.  But  abandonment  would  mean  serious  loss, 
and  the  possible  elimination  of  some  of  the  independent 
kingdoms.  This,  none  are  willing  to  risk. 

Fighting  for  a  World  Highway 

Writing  from  the  war  zone  to  the  Christian  Herald 
of  May  31,  1916,  Maynard  Owen  Williams  gives  some 
very  direct  statements  regarding  the  primary  cause  of 
the  war.  He  says :  — 

"  The  war  is  being  fought,  not  for  a  European  capital,  but  for  a 
world  highway.  .  .  .  Russia  is  fighting  for  access  to  the  Mediter- 
ranean. .  .  .  England,  through  her  fleet,  the  honeycombed  heights  of 
Gibraltar,  and  the  sand  ditch  at  Suez,  will  maintain  control  of  the 
inland  sea.  .  .  .  Germany  is  fighting  to  win  a  commercial  triumph 
over  the  sea  route  to  the  East.  .  .  .  Turkey  is  on  the  shortest  line 
between  the  population  centers  of  the  world.  Germany  is  fighting  for 
this  trade  route." 


26 


The  World  War 


Frederic  C.  Howe,  author  of  "  Why  War?"  presents 
a  similar  view.  He  says :  — 

"  When  the  story  of  the  European  war  comes  to  be  written  by  an 
impartial  historian,  its  ultimate  causes  will  be  found  far  back  of  the 
murder  of  the  Archduke  Ferdinand  in  Bosnia,  the  alleged  mobiliza- 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 


The  Departure  of  Count  von  Bernstorff  and  his  Family  from 
Washington  for  Germany 

tion  of  the  armies  of  Russia,  or  the  invasion  of  Belgium.  .  .  .  One 
of  the  hidden,  unofficial  explosives  is  the  struggle  for  the  Medi- 
terranean." i 

In  his  volume,  "Why  War?"  Mr.  Howe  shows  that 
the  Mediterranean  has  long  since  been  the  storm-center 
of  Europe.  The  colonial  policies  of  England,  France, 
Germany,  Italy,  and  Russia  have,  in  the  main,  revolved 
about  the  control  of  the  lands  bordering  about  it. 

1  Scribner's  Magazine,  May,  1916,  p.  621. 


The  Cause  and  the  Meaning  27 

Access  to,  free  passage  through,  or  control  of,  the 
Mediterranean  is  the  permanent  objective  behind  the 
foreign  policy  of  all  the  greater  European  powers.  It 
is  an  objective,  however,  that  lies  at  the  very  heart  of 
the  industrial  and  commercial  life  of  Great  Britain  and 
Russia,  that  is  bound  up  with  all  the  ambitions  of  Ger- 
many, and  that  underlies  the  industrial  and  financial 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 


The  SS.  "  Frederick  VIII  "  on  which  Count  von  Bernstorff  and 
Party  sailed  Feb.  13,  1917 

aspirations  of  Italy  and  the  Balkan  States.  For  the 
Mediterranean  is  the  greatest  trade  route  in  the  world. 
It  is  the  gateway  from  the  Occident  to  the  Orient. 

The  shifting  of  the  seat  of  war  from  the  French  and 
Russian  frontiers  is  a  shifting  from  assumed  centers  of 
conflict  to  the  actual  center  of  conflict, —  a  conflict  which, 
under  diplomatic  conversations  and  conventions,  has  been 
going  on  for  the  greater  part  of  twenty  years.  And 
it  is  a  struggle  almost  as  old  as  the  world. 

Constantinople,  the  Real  Bone  of  Contention 

The  situation  outlined  in  these  excerpts  has  led  to  the 
statement  by  many  authorities,  that  the  Near  East  is  the 
"  storm-center "  of  conflict.  Prof.  Roland  G.  Usher,  of 
Washington  University,  St.  Louis,  says :  — 


28  The  World  War 

"  It  should  now  be  evident  that  there  is  much  to  be  said  for  the 
view  that  the  key  to  the  present  situation  is  Constantinople.  We  are 
dealing  with  a  World  War  whose  results  are  not  expected  to  develop 
in  Europe  proper.  The  key  to  this  situation  lies  in  Constantinople, 
and  the  Turk  holds  it." 

This  position  is  corroborated  by  many  other  writers, 
one  of  whom,  Dr.  H.  H.  Powers,  says :  — 

"  Constantinople  with  its  tributary  straits  is  the  most  strategic 
site  in  the  world.  .  .  .  When  Napoleon  and  the  Czar  Alexander  sat 
down  at  Tilsit  to  divide  the  world  between  them,  Alexander  is  said 
to  have  plead  with  Napoleon:  'Give  or  take  what  you  will,  but  give 
us  Constantinople.  For  Constantinople  my  people  are  prepared  to 
make  any  sacrifice.'  Napoleon  bent  long  ever  the  map,  and  then 
straightening  up  with  sudden  resolution  replied:  'Constantinople? 
Never!  That  means  the  rule  of  the  world.'  Nothing  has  happened 
since  to  discredit  this  judgment.  Merchant  and  strategist  alike  still 
rank  Constantinople  as  the  most  valuable  of  territorial  possessions. 
It  is  now,  as  it  was  a  century  ago,  the  center  of  the  world's  strategy, 
and  as  such  it  must  be  accounted  the  chief  issue  in  the  present  World 
War.  And  this  is  not  the  first  war,  nor  will  it  be  the  last,  to  be  waged 
for  its  possession."  2 

Soon  after  the  war  began,  one  of  Europe's  oldest  and 
most  experienced  diplomatists  ventured  to  tell  the  world 
what  this  great  conflict  was  about.  Beginning  with 
Austria's  declaration  of  war  on  Serbia,  he  says :  — 

"What  is  the  vital,  paramount  importance  of  Serbia,  that  Aus- 
tria and  Germany  should  have  been  willing  to  risk  their  very  exist- 
ence as  nations  to  conquer  her?  What  is  the  extraordinary  value 
of  Serbia  to  Russia,  that,  at  the  mere  threat  of  war,  and  before  a 
shot  had  been  fired,  the  czar's  armies  were  summoned  together  as 
hurriedly  as  troops  can  be  summoned  together  in  Russia?  These  are 
the  questions  that  should  be  asked  if  the  problem  of  the  outbreak  of 
the  war  is  to  be  properly  understood. 

"  The  answer  is  this:  Serbia,  a  small  but  powerful  Slav  country, 
is  the  only  buffer  state  in  the  Balkans  that  bars  the  approach  of 
Austria  to  the  ^Egean  Sea.  Salonika,  the  chief  port  to  the  northern 
side  of  the  eastern  Mediterranean,  lies  less  than  three  hundred  miles 
from  Belgrade,  the  Serbian  capital,  which  is  itself  situated  on  the  very 
borders  of  Austria-Hungary.  Clearly,  it  is  all  to  the  advantage  of 
any  great  power  which  has  interests  in  the  JEgean,  in  the  Balkans 
generally,  or  in  Asia  Minor,  that  Salonika  should  be  in  its  possession, 
and  that  the  way  to  Salonika  should  be  at  all  times  open  without  the 
shadow  of  a  doubt. 

a  "The  Things  Men  Fight  For,"  pp.  76,  77. 


The  Cause  and  the  Meaning  29 

"  Two  great  powers  have  vital  interests  in  Asia  Minor  and  the 
yEgean.  They  are  Russia  on  the  one  hand,  and  Germany  plus  Austria 
on  the  other.  Up  to  1908  the  strength  of  Turkey  rendered  the  two 
groups  impotent;  they  could  express  vain  wishes  without  taking 
steps  to  realize  them.  .  .  . 

"  The  long  struggle  between  the  Teutons  and  the  Slavs  for  the 
possession  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula  was  to  be  fought  out.  Serbia's 
paramountcy  meant  that  Russia  would  dictate  the  policy  of  the  pen- 
insula; Serbia's  decline  would  mean  the  end  of  Russian  prestige 
in  the  peninsula,  as  well  as  the  end  of  Serbia  herself.  That  —  the 
struggle  for  Asia  Minor  —  is  the  sole  reason  why  Europe  has  been 
plunged  into  war." 

The  Thread  of  Fate  Breaks 

In  his  valuable  contribution  to  the  literature  relat- 
ing to  the  World  War,  Prof.  Charles  Seymour,  of  Yale 
University,  says :  — 

"  On  the  one  side  stood  the  Entente  Powers,  unalterably  con- 
vinced that  the  development  of  the  German  world  policy  spelled  their 
ultimate  or  their  immediate  ruin;  on  the  other,  Germany,  equally 
determined  in  the  belief  that  failure  to  win  for  herself  a  position  in 
world  affairs  comparable  to  her  influence  in  European  matters,  meant 
economic  and  national  disaster.  Between  such  opposite  poles  there 
could  be  no  compromise.  With  each  successive  crisis  the  tension 
increased.  Finally,  in  the  summer  of  1914,  the  strain  suddenly 
exerted  upon  the  thread  of  fate  proved  too  severe,  and  it  snapped."  a 

3  "  The  Diplomatic  Background  of  the  War  — 1870-1914,"  Introduction,  p.  4. 


Boston  Photo  News  Co. 

THE   DEUTSCHLAND 
The  first  Merchant  Submarine  to  cross  the  Atlantic 


EMPEROR  FRANCIS  JOSEPH 
The  aged  Ruler  of  Austria  who  declared  war  on  Serbia,  July  28,  1914 


30 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 
The  new  Emperor  of  Austria 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y 
Dr.  C.  T.  Dumba 


THE  GREAT  NATIONS  SPEAK  FOR  THEM- 
SELVES 

IT  is  evidently  the  conviction  of  the  leaders  of  thought 
in  Europe,  that  one  of  the  fundamental  causes  under- 
lying the  bitter  political  struggle  for  supremacy,  is  the 
desire  to  dominate  the  commercial  and  political  inter- 
ests of  the  Near  East,  and  thus  to  command  a  leading 
position  among  the  nations  in  the  trade  markets  of  the 
world.  This  view  is  very  clearly  revealed  in  official 
statements  made  by  representatives  of  the  various  na- 
tions at  war,  who  have  stated  their  cases  for  their 
respective  countries. 

Austria-Hungary 

Dr.  Dumba,  while  ambassador  from  Austria-Hun- 
gary to  the  United  States  of  America,  said :  — 

"  The  war  between  Austria-Hungary  and  Russia  may  well  be 
said  to  be  the  outcome  of  conflicting  civilizations  and  conflicting 
aims.  The  controversy  between  the  Dual  Monarchy  and  the  Ser- 

31 


32 


The  World  War 


bian  Kingdom,  is  only  an  incident  in  the  greater  struggle  between 
German  civilization  as  represented  by  Austria-Hungary,  and  Russian 
aspirations  as  represented  by  Serbia,  the  Russian  outpost  on  the 
southern  frontier  of  the  Dual  Monarchy.  .  .  . 

"  The  natural  expansion  of  the  Germanic  empire  of  Austria 
toward  the  Near  East  began  after  the  permanent  expulsion  of  the 
Turkish  hordes  by  the  victories  of  Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy.  Parallel 


•a-.   ' 


King   Ferdinand   of  Bulgaria 


The  Sultan  of  Turkey 


with  the  Austrian  expansion  southeastward  went  the  Russian  ad- 
vance toward  the  Black  Sea.  In  an  effort  to  avert  a  clash  in  this 
parallel  but  gradually  concentering  expansion,  the  Emperor  Joseph 
and  the  Empress  Catherine  met  late  in  the  eighteenth  century  — 
1787  —  in  the  Crimea,  and  reached  an  agreement  for  the  dismem- 
berment of  Turkey. 

"  Under  this  project  of  monarchs  the  western  part  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire,  including  Bosnia  and  Herzegovina,  now  the  bone  of 
contention  between  Austria  on  the  one  hand  and  Russia  and  Serbia 
on  the  other,  was  apportioned  to  Austria.  To  Russia's  share  were 
allotted  the  regions  now  known  as  Rumania  and  Bulgaria.  It  was 
at  this  period  that  the  Russian  dream  of  the  possession  of  Constan- 
tinople, first  broached  in  a  mythical  will  of  Peter  the  Great,  began  to 
assume  reality  as  a  governing  principle  of  Russian  policy  in  south- 
eastern Europe."  1 

i"Why  Austria  Is  at  War  with  Russia,"  North  American  Review,  Sep- 
tember, 1914. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

KING  PETER   OF  SERBIA 

3 


33 


34  The  World  War 

Count  Berchtold,  Minister  of  Foreign  Affairs  for 
Austria-Hungary,  says ;  — 

"  Austria-Hungary  looks  upon  this  war  as  a  purely  defensive 
one,  which  has  been  forced  on  her  by  the  agitation  directed  by  Russia 
against  her  very  existence.  Russian  statesmen  wish  to  form  an 
iron  ring  of  enemies  around  Austria-Hungary  and  Germany,  in  order 
that  Russia's  grasp  on  Constantinople  and  on  .Asia  should  never 
again  be  meddled  with.  .  .  .  Germany  knows  that  Austria-Hun- 
gary's enemies  are  her  enemies,  and  that  the  dismemberment  of 
the  Hapsburg  monarchy  would  mean  the  isolation  of  the  German 
Empire." 

Germany 

Dr.  Bernhard  Dernburg,  special  representative  of 
Germany  to  the  United  States  following  the  opening  of 
the  war,  stated  the  case  for  Germany :  — 

"  Germany  has  been  for  about  thirty-five  years  the  associate  of 
Turkey  in  developing  Turkish  territory,  commerce,  c*nd  industry. 
She  has  acquired  the  Oriental  railway  and  built  the  Anatolian  and 
Bagdad  lines.  She  has  established  harbors  and  shipping  companies, 
and  engaged  in  mining  and  very  extensive  irrigation  works.  She 
must  be  left  with  a  free  hand  to  go  on  with  this  commercial  develop- 
ment as  far  as  she  can  arrange  with  the  sovereign  power  of  the 
Porte  and  without  outside  interference.  This  would  mean  a  recog- 
nized sphere  of  influence  from  the  Persian  Gulf  to  the  Dardanelles."  2 

General  von  Bernhardi  says :  — 

"  Even  if  we  succeed  in  guarding  our  possessions  in  the  East 
and  West,  and  in  preserving  the  German  nationality  in  its  present 
form  throughout  the  world,  we  shall  not  be  able  to  maintain  our 
present  position,  powerful  as  it  is,  in  the  great  competition  with 
the  other  powers,  if  we'  are  contented  to  restrict  ourselves  in  our 
present  sphere  of  power,  while  the  surrounding  countries  are  busily 
extending  their  dominions.  If  we  wish  to  compete  further  with  them, 
a  policy  which  our  population  and  our  civilization  both  entitle  and 
compel  us  to  adopt,  we  must  not  hold  back  in  the  hard  struggle 
for  the  sovereignty  of  the  world." 

Herr  Friedrich  Delitzsch,  author  of  "  The  Moslem 
World,"  declares :  — 

"  It  is  to  Germany's  interest  that  Islam  shall  come  victorious 
from  the  present  struggle.  For  should  it  ever  have  come  to  pass 
that  the  European,  and  Asiatic  possessions  of  Turkey  were  to  be 
divided  by  England,  Russia,  and  France,  nothing  would  prevent 
Germany  from  being  reduced  to  the  place  of  a  secondary  power. 

2  New  York  Independent,  Dec.  7,  1914. 


The  Great  Nations  Speak  for  Themselves          35 

We  know  how  England  has  strained  every  nerve  to  gain  the  Bag- 
dad Railway,  and  thus  strike  us  at  the  heart  where  this  precious 
jewel  nestles  close. 

"  It  has  become  our  duty  for  more  reasons  than  one  to  protect 
and  aid  Turkey  in  every  possible  way.  This  we  must  do  by  way 
of  commercial  and  scientific  leading.  We  must  help  in  developing 
the  soil,  to  extract  the  treasures  from  the  ground,  to  build  railways, 
to  give  physical  and  spiritual  assistance  to  all  Osmanic  subjects, 
and  to  improve  the  status  of  woman.  To  outline  and  build  from 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 
King  Constantine  of  Greece 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 
King  Ferdinand   of   Rumania 


the  ground  up  will  be  our  chief  aim.  At  present  we  can  barely 
indicate  the  direction  in  which  we  would  proceed,  for  we  are  still 
removed  from  the  desired  goal." 

Russia 

In  explaining  to  the  Russian  Duma  the  dangers  that 
threatened  the  empire.  M.  Sazonoff,  while  premier, 
said :  — 

"The  plans  for  the  domination  of  Germany  over  the  Turkish 
Empire  comprised  the  formation  of  an  enormous  German-Mussul- 
man empire,  extending  from  the  Scheldt  to  the  Persian  Gulf.  Such 
an  empire,  which  appears  in  the  dreams  of  Pan-Germanism  as  a 


•Hi 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

FORMER    CZAR   AND    CZAREVITCH    OF   RUSSIA 
Abdicated  the  Throne  March  14,  1917 

36 


The  Great  Nations  Speak  for  Themselves         37 

new  caliphate,  to  which  by  historic  analogy  the  name  '  Caliphate 
of  Berlin '  would  be  adapted,  is,  according  to  them,  to  strike  a 
mortal  blow  at  the  historic  existence  of  Russia  and  Great  Britain. 
It  is  a  terrifying  dream,  but  God  is  merciful." 

Professor  Milyukoft,  Liberal  leader  in  the  Duma, 
makes  the  following  statement  for  Russia :  — 

"'We  fully  realize  what  is  the  plan  of  Germany,  and  for  what 
she  is  carrying  on  this  war.^  It  is  clear  to  everybody  that  in  the 
case  of  victory  Germany  wo'uld  create  in  Europe  a  central  state, 
and  would  capture  or  subjugate  Turkey  economically,  and  then 
politically.  'Berlin-Bagdad/  that  is  the  German  idea;  and  since 
it  has  been  created,  we  have  no  other  choice.  The  question  now 
is  not  whether  the  strait  shall  become  Russian  or  remain  Turkish; 
the  question  is  whether  it  shall  become  Russian  or  remain  German. 

"  We  must  make  no  mistake.  The  question  which  is  now  being 
decided  will  probably  be  decided  forever,  but  there-  will  scarcely 
ever  be  such  favorable  conditions  as  there  are  now.  The  chief  of 
these  conditions  is  the  attitude  of  our  allies  toward  our  national 
problem.  '  Berlin-Bagdad '  is  too  real  a  danger,  not  only  for  us, 
but  for  Great  Britain,  with  India  and  Egypt;  and  for  France,  with 
her  prospects  in  Syria.  On  the  basis  of  this  real  danger  an  agree- 
ment has  become  possible  between  powers  which  for  centuries  were 
suspicious  of  each  other. 

"The  end  of  March  (0.  S.)  and  the  beginning  of  April  (N.  S.) 
in  1915  is  a  date  which  is  well  worthy  of  remembrance  by  large 
masses  of  the  Russian  people.  This  is  the  date  when  a  definite  agree- 
ment was  reached  between  us  and  our  allies."  s 

In  February,  1915,  while  the  Russian  Duma  was  in 
session,  M.  Kovalevsky,  a  member  of  the  Assembly, 
said  in  a  speech :  - 

"The  experience  of  the  past  has  shown  that  disinterestedness 
is  a  virtue  which  possesses  little  political  value.  The  time  has  come 
for  plain  speaking.  It  seems  best  to  declare  at  once  the  aims  and 
objects  for  which  Russia  is  waging  this  war.  Our  first  aim  must 
be  to  bring  to  a  conclusion  our  century-old  quarrel  with  Turkey 
regarding  the  possession  of  the  Bosporus  and  the  Dardanelles.  The 
whole  of  the  southern  part  of  Russia,  the  most  densely  populated,  the 
most  industrious,  and  the  richest  part  of  the  country,  cannot  exist 
unless  we  control  the  Black  Sea  and  can  pass  freely  to  and  fro  by 
way  of  the  Narrows.  The  straits  of  Constantinople  are  at  the  same 
time  the  padlock  and  the  key  of  our  house.  They  must  be  in  Rus- 
sian hands,  together  with  the  territory  on  both  sides  of  the  channel 
which  controls  and  commands  the  waterway.  All  Russia's  former 
quarrels  with  the  Ottoman  Empire  have  arisen  about  our  access  to 

1  Current  History,  June,  1916,  p.  489. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

KING  VICTOR  EMMANUEL  III  OF   ITALY 

38 


The  Great  Nations  Speak  for  Themselves         39 

the  sea.  Much  blood  has  been  shed  for  it,  and  much  strength  has 
been  wasted.  The  time  has  come  to  bring  the  century-old  struggle 
to  an  end,  and  to  declare  that  any  attempts  made  by  others,  who- 
ever they  may  be,  to  prevent  our  solving  this  historical  problem  in 
our  favor,  must  be  regarded  by  Russia  as  attempts  upon  her  inter- 
ests and  upon  her  national  honor.  The  Russian  nation  must  not 
be  a  loser  in  this  war.  The  vast  sacrifices  which  it  has  made  must 
be  rewarded."  * 

Italy 

On  the  first  of  December,  1915,  the  Italian  Minister 
for  Foreign  Affairs,  Signer  Sonnino,  made  in  the  Italian 
Chamber  the  following  statement  for  Italy :  — 

"  Thus  have  we  been  persuaded  of  the  necessity  of  making 
public  and  solemn  affirmation  of  the  solidarity  existing  between 
the  Allies,  by  renewing,  as  it  were,  the  agreement  signed  by  France, 
England,  and  Russia  on  the  fifth  of  September,  1914,  and  to  which 
Japan  subsequently  adhered.  Our  formal  adhesion  has  just  been 
made  in  London.  .  .  . 

"  The  political  and  economic  independence  of  Serbia  is  one  of 
the  corner-stones  of  Italian  policy  in  the  Balkans.  It  responds  to  a 
vital  necessity  of  the  very  existence  of  Italy  as  a  Great  Power.  The 
political  and  economic  subjection  of  Serbia  by  Austria-Hungary 
would  be  tantamount  to  a  grave  and  constant  peril  for  Italy.  'It 
would  be  the  construction  of  an  insuperable  barrier  to  our  economic 
expansion  on  the  opposite  shores  of  the  Adriatic.  .  .  . 

"The  strategic  defense  of  the  Adriatic  constitutes,  indeed,  one 
of  the  principal  bases  of  our  political  action.  It  is  for  Italy  a  vital 
necessity,  an  absolute  necessity  of  legitimate  defense,  to  aim  in 
the  Adriatic  at  a  balance  of  power  which  will  compensate  us  for 
the  unfavorable  configuration  of  our  eastern  shore  line."  » 

Great  Britain 

The  editor  of  the  London  Saturday  Review  6  states 
the  situation  from  the  British  viewpoint.  He  says :  - 

"  The  cause  of  the  reversal  of  the  British  policy  in  the  Near 
East,  which  has  passed  almost  without  comment  here  as  on  the 
Continent,  is  bound  up  with,  but  plainly  lies  far  deeper  than,  the 
Austrian  ultimatum  to  Belgrade.  The  threat  to  Serbia  was  a  cul- 
mination of  a  steady  German  thrust  toward  the  East.  The  main 
difficulty  in  the  German  path  in  the  Near  East,  the  little  kingdom 
of  Serbia,  was  to  be  got  out  of  the  way  by  Austria;  and,  that  '  ne- 
cessity '  accomplished,  Germany  would  have  had  the  clear  road 
which  she  desired  to  Turkey,  where  her  ambitions  have  grown 
since  the  visit  of  William  II  to  the  late  sultan  with  a  grandiose 

4  Fortnightly  Review,  April,  1915,  p.  611.  6  World's  Work,  May,  1916. 

8  March  6,  1915,  pp.  241,  242. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

KING  GEORGE  V  OF  ENGLAND 

40 


The  Great  Nations  Speak  for  Themselves         41 

project  of  financial,  commercial,  and  ultimately  political  dominance 
on  the  Golden  Horn,  and  eventually  through  Asia  Minor. 

"The  first  had  been  completely  attained,  and  Germany's  abso- 
lute control  of  Constantinople  has  been  demonstrated  to  the  whole 
world. 

"The  second  had  yet  to  be  fulfilled;  but  it  was  on  the  road  to 
fulfilment.  The  tortuous  and  intricate  history  of  the  Anatolian 
and  Bagdad  Railways  during  the  last  fifteen  years  is  sufficient  evi- 


Photos,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 
Sir  Edward  Grey 


David   Lloyd-George 


dence  of  the  gradual  penetration  of  German  influence  through  Asia 
Minor. 

"  The  B.  B.  B.  line  —  Berlin-Byzantium-Bagdad  —  was  an  instru- 
ment of  German  policy  in  which  millions  of  German  money  had 
been  invested,  and  in  whose  success  the  Deutsche  Bank  in  particular 
was  deeply  involved  —  how  deeply  is  still  a  matter  of  conjecture. 
This  huge  scheme,  which  had  made  considerable  progress,  had 
added  enormously  to  the  already  great  influence  of  Germany  in 
Asia  Minor.  .  .  . 

"British  opinion  no  longer  has  any  misgiving  concerning  the 
approach  of  Russian  influence  toward  Constantinople.  Disraeli's 
policy  was  constructed  before  the  first  steps  had  been  taken  in 
Egypt.  It  was  conservative,  and  the  times  are  now  revolutionary. 
Germany's  action  has  revealed  to  us  the  menace  of  a  Near  East 


The  Great  Nations  Speak  for  Themselves         43 

under  Teuton  rule,  a  menace  which  would  have  been  far  more  for- 
midable than  anything  which  the  past  generation  of  British  states- 
men imagined  from  Russia.  .  .  . 

"  Since  its  foundation  'sixteen  centuries  ago,  Constantinople, 
by  position  and  natural  destiny,  has  been  one  of  the  key  cities  of 
the  earth.  It  has  been  many  times  attacked  and  twice  conquered. 
Its  second  conquest,  like  its  foundation,  marked  the  end  of  an  epoch 
and  changed  the  history  of  the  world.  Its  third  conquest  can  do  no 
less"  (italics  supplied). 

These  National  Viewpoints   Summarized 

Thus  it  is  clear  that  through  territorial  expansion, 
increase  of  populations,  agricultural,  manufacturing, 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

David  Lloyd-George  of  England  in  Conference  with  Premier  Briand  of  France 

and  commercial  development,  and  international  alliances, 
a  world-change  has  been  effected  which  presents  many 
vitally  conflicting  interests.  These  clashing  interests 
have  finally  culminated  in  the  most  serious  clash  of 
nations  the  world  has  ever  seen.  No  satisfactory  adjust- 
ment seems  possible.  Great  Britain  does  not  consent  to 
surrender  any  of  the  great  over-seas  possessions  of  her 


The  Great  Nations  Speak  for  Themselves         45 

far-stretching  empire.  As  long  as  she  holds  Egypt, 
India,  and  Australia,  she  must  control  the  Mediterra- 
nean highway.  She  must  continue  to  hold  such  strategic 
positions  as  Gibraltar,  Suez,  the  Persian  Gulf,  and 
Singapore.  To  surrender  these  would  be  to  invite  the 
dismemberment  of  her  empire. 

Russia's  situation  and  policy  seem  equally  vital  to 
her   existence.     She   has   extended   her   conquests   over 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

President  Poincare  and  General  Joffre  on  the  Battle  Line 

a  vast  area  and  many  peoples.  Today  the  land  area 
of  her  empire  is  equal  to  one  seventh  of  the  land  area 
of  the  world,  while  her  population  is  about  one  eighth  of 
the  world's  population.  Her  natural  resources  are  very 
great,  but  she  requires  an  adequate  highway  to  the 
world's  markets  in  order  to  reap  full  benefit  from  them. 
She  has  been  struggling  for  that  highway  for  centu- 
ries. It  was  to  secure  a  road  through  the  Baltic  that 
Peter  the  Great  moved  the  capital  from  Moscow  to  the 
Baltic  marshes  and  began  the  building  of  Petrograd. 


46  The  World  War 

But  Germany  established  her  naval  base  in  the  Baltic 
between  Petrograd  and  the  ocean,  thus  placing  an  ef- 
fectual menace  in  Russia's  road. 

Then  Russian  statesmen  turned  their  eyes  toward 
the  Pacific.  At  great  expense  and  toil  and  patience 
they  built  a  steel  road  across  the  plains  of  Siberia  to 
Vladivostok  and  Port  Arthur.  Here  they  were  met  by 
the  Japanese,  and  cut  off  from  the  ocean  highway. 

Again  Russia  turned  to  her  natural  highway,  the 
Bosporus  and  the  Dardanelles,  which  she  had  been  en- 
deavoring to  secure  for  more  than  a  century.  But  here 
she  found  that  Germany  had  all  but  succeeded  in  throw- 
ing a  bridge  across  the  Bosporus  at  Constantinople, 
which  would  effectually  block  her  road  through  the 
Bosporus  and  the  Dardanelles  to  the  ^Egean  and  on  to 
the  world's  markets.  Believing  that  the  German  road 
threatened  her  very  existence,  Russia  decided  to  stake 
all  in  the  endeavor  to  prevent  its  completion. 

This  brings  us  to  Germany's  interests.  She  found 
herself  an  inclosed  empire  without  what  she  considered 
suitable  access  to  the  markets  of  the  world.  Her  only 
outlet  was  through  the  North  Sea.  But  this  was  con- 
trolled by  England.  Thus  she  found  herself  in  exactly 
the  same  position  in  which  she  had  placed  Russia  in 
the  Baltic.  Eventually  she  turned  eastward,  and  began 
a  vast  enterprise  to  secure  possession  of  the  Persian 
Gulf.  If  she  could  establish  a  highway  from  Berlin  to 
the  Persian  Gulf,  she  would  not  only  secure  an  open 
road  to  the  world,  but  she  would  place  herself  in  a 
position  to  completely  dominate  Russia,  and  seriously 
threaten  England's  vast  empire  at  any  time  it  might 
seem  necessary  to  her  own  interests.  She  claimed  that 
with  England's  highway  already  established,  and 
Russia's  about  to  be  driven  through  from  the  Black 
Sea  to  the  Mediterranean,  her  own  existence  was  im- 
periled. It  was  for  these  reasons  that  she  planned  "  to 


The  Great  Nations  Speak  for  Themselves         47 

mow  a  swath  as  wide  as  Germany  itself  across  two 
continents,  from  the  Baltic  to  the  confines  of  India."  7 

Austria's  situation  was  similar  to  that  of  Russia  and 
Germany.  Her  only  outlet  was  down  the  Adriatic,  the 
lower  part  of  which  was  guarded  by  the  forts  and  war- 
ships of  Italy.  For  this  reason  Austria  has  always 
looked  to  the  ^gean  Sea  as  her  only  safe,  adequate 
road  to  the  oceans.  With  this  in  view  her  steady  policy 
has  been  to  hew  out  a  clear  path  to  Salonika.  But  the 
Turks  and  the  Slavs  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula  have  al- 
ways stood  in  her  way.  This  has  been  true  of  Serbia 
especially. 

Serbia,  being  supported  by  Russia,  effectually  blocked 
Austria  in  her  drive  to  the  ^gean,  and  also  Germany 
in  her  drive  to  Constantinople  and  on  to  the  Persian 
Gulf.  It  appeared  to  both  Austria-Hungary  and  Ger- 
many that  this  ring  drawn  around  their  eastern  and 
southeastern  boundaries  meant  their  ruin.  For  this 
reason  they  decided  to  break  it  at  any  cost. 

As  for  France  and  Italy,  they  both  feared  the  re- 
sults of  a  Teutonic  victory.  Their  position  in  the  Medi- 
terranean was  such  that  they  felt  safer  under  the  para- 
mountcy  of  England  and  Russia,  and  therefore  joined 
them  against  the  Central  Powers. 

These  conditions  are  so  vital  to  the  very  existence 
of  these  different  powers,  that  they  see  no  way  of  sur- 
rendering their  ground.  Yet  the  conditions  clash  so 
violently  that  it  seems  impossible  to  maintain  their  poli- 
cies without  war.  They  have  unsheathed  their  swords 
to  reach  a  settlement.  The  price  being  paid  is  stag- 
gering. 

T  Powers,  "  The  Things  Men  Fight  For,"  p.  230. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

A  Group  of  the  Turkish  Red  Crescent  (Red  Cross)  about  their  Evening  Meal 

THE   EASTERN   QUESTION 

THE  evidence  is  abundant  and  conclusive  that  the 
storm-center  of  the  World  War  which  began  in  1914, 
is  the  Near  East.  But  this  is  not  a  new  storm-center. 
It  has  been  the  center  of  stormy  conflicts  for  centuries. 
The  World  War  raging  around  this  center  is  one  more 
added  to  the  many  that  have  been  fought  by  the  Euro- 
pean powers  over  the  long-standing  dispute  as  to  who 
shall  possess  Constantinople,  the  Bosporus,  and  the  Dar- 
danelles. This  dispute  has  been  known  during  the  past 
century  as  "  The  Eastern  Question." 

Of  this,  one  writer  has  said:  — 

"In  its  strict  and  narrow  sense,  the  Eastern  Question  is  the 
question,  What  is  to  be  done  with  the  southeast  of  Europe  and  the 
contiguous  portion  of  Asia?  "  "  From  the  point  of  view  of  European 
politics,  the  Eastern  Question  has  come  to  include  the  complications 
arising  out  of  the  possession  by  the  Turks  of  the  east  of  Europe 
and  the  possibility  of  Russian  predominance  in  the  ^gean  Sea."  i 

1  Daniel  Seelye  Gregory,  "  The  Crime  of  Christendom,"  pp.  8,  9. 
4  49 


50  ,      The  World  War 

Another  writer  makes  a  similar  statement :  — 

"During  the  last  decade  the  international  aspect  of  the  East- 
ern Question  has  been  the  struggle  of  the  forces  of  Pan-Slavism 
and  Pan-Germanism."  2 

Thus  it  is  evident  that  the  present  clash  of  nations 
in  Europe  is  a  continuation  of  the  conflict  growing  out 
of  the  old,  complicated,  never-ending  Eastern  Question. 

The  coveted  control  of  the  great  natural  highway 
—  the  Bosporus  and*  the  Dardanelles  —  connecting  the 
Black  Sea  with  the  Mediterranean,  seems  about  to  slip 
from  Turkey's  grasp;  and  this  fact  makes  acute  the 
problem  as  to  what  power  or  powers  shall  henceforth 
control  where  Turkey  has  so  long  exercised  absolute 
sway.  The  northern  end  of  this  waterway  is  called  the 
Bosporus;  the  middle  section,  the  Sea  of  Marmora;  and 
the  southern  end,  the  Dardanelles.  On  the  eastern  side 
is  Asia  Minor;  on  the  western,  the  Balkan  Peninsula. 
Since  1453,  when  the  Turks  took  Constantinople  and 
made  that  historic  city  the  capital  of  their  empire,  they 
have  been  in  possession  of  this  waterway  linking  the 
Black  Sea  with  the  Mediterranean,  and  thus  have  been 
able  to  exercise  a  dominant  influence  all  out  of  pro- 
portion to  their  position  among  the  nations  of  earth. 

Of  the  fierce  struggle  that  has  arisen  over  this  ques- 
tion, the  editor  of  the  Washington  Post 3  has  said :  — 

"As  diplomatic  and  military  activity  increases  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Constantinople,  the  world's  attention  is  directed  more 
and  more  to  the  momentous  events  that  are  impending  in  that 
quarter.  .  .  .  Constantinople  is  the  bone  of  contention  between 
Christian  and  infidel,  between  Teuton  and  Slav.  It  is  a  stupendous 
drama  that  is  being  unrolled  at  the  Golden  Horn, —  a  modern  scene 
of  the  most  vivid  nature,  with  a  background  crowded  with  mem- 
orable figures  and  historic  events.  Whatever  the  climax,  the  tu- 
multuous happenings  of  these  current  months  stir  the  imagination 
of  the  world,  and  will  powerfully  affect  its  future." 

*  Charles  Seymour,  "  The  Diplomatic  Background  of  the  War,"  p.  197. 
•Aug.  18,  1915. 


The  Eastern  Question  51 

The  Struggle  Foretold  by  Prophets 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  complicated  problem 
with  which  statesmen  have  struggled  for  a  century,  and 
which  in  its  latest  form  has  been  convulsing  all  Europe, 
was  foretold  in  the  writings  of  the  prophets  many  cen- 
turies ago. 

Students  of  the  Bible  and  of  Bible  commentaries  are 
familiar  with  the  prophecies  which  outline  the  rise, 
history,  and  downfall  of  many  of  the  great  nations  of 
earth.  The  overthrow  of  Egypt,  Assyria,  and  Babylonia 
was  .foretold  by  the  prophets  long  before  their  down- 
fall. The  place,  power,  and  final  destruction  of  the 
Medo-Persian,  Grecian,  Roman,  and  Turkish  Empires, 
also,  are  definitely  set  forth  in  the  prophetic  outlines. 

The  eleventh  chapter  of  Daniel  gives  a  wonderful 
forecast  of  the  history  of  the  world  from  the  time  of 
the  Persian  E?  mire,  538  B.  c.,  to  the  downfall  of  all 
earthly  kingdoms.  The  prophecy  opens  with  Persian 
and  Grecian  conflicts,  and  closes  with  the  overthrow 
and  utter  ruin  of  a  power  which  many  expositors  claim 
represents  Turkey. 

It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  that  the  world  should 
know  the  meaning  of  the  last  specification  in  Daniel's 
prophecy  referring  to  the  Turkish  Empire.  It  is  as 
follows :  — 

"  He  shall  plant  the  tabernacles  of  his  palace  between  the  seas  in 
the  glorious  holy  mountain;  yet  he  shall  come  to  his  end,  and  none 
shall  help  him."  Dan.  11:  45. 

The  reason  it  is  so  important  that  the  meaning  of 
this  event  be  understood  when  it  is  about  to  take  place, 
is  because  it  is  the  prelude  to  the  coming  of  the  Prince 
of  Peace,  the  greatest  of  all  events  in  the  history  of 
the  world. 

By  the  words  "  at  that  time,"  the  fall  of  the  Otto- 
man Empire  and  the  second  coming  of  Christ  are  in- 


52  The  World  War 

separably  connected.  The  first  event  is  given  as  the 
herald  of  the  second.  When  the  first  is  taking  place, 
the  world  is  to  know  that  the  other  is  soon  to  follow. 

These  two  events  unite  the  present  and  the  future. 
The  first  relates  to  the  kingdoms  of  this  world;  the 
second,  to  the  kingdom  of  Christ.  The  first  is  the  sig- 
nal for  the  close  of  the  history  of  this  world ;  the  second 
marks  the  establishment  of  the  glorious,  eternal  king- 
dom of  our  Lord  and  Saviour. 

The  second  coming  of  Christ  is  an  event  of  supreme 
interest  and  importance  to  all  the  world;  and  as  the 
final  overthrow  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  is  set  forth  in 
the  Scriptures  as  a  warning  that  the  advent  of  Christ 
is  about  to  take  place,  the  destruction  of  the  Turkish 
power  becomes  an  event  of  marked  significance. 

Starts  with  Persia 

The  long  chain  of  prophecy  given  in  the  eleventh 
chapter  of  Daniel,  opens  as  follows :  — 

"  Now  will  I  show  thee  the  truth.  Behold,  there  shall  stand 
up  yet  three  kings  in  Persia;  and  the  fourth  shall  be  far  richer 
than  they  all:  and  by  his  strength  through  his  riches  he  shall  stir 
up  all  against  the  realm  of  Grecia."  Dan.  11:  2. 

From  this  statement  it  is  plain  that  Persia  is  the 
kingdom  with  which  this  prophecy  starts.  Persia  was 
to  "  stir  up  all  against  the  realm  of  Grecia,"  but  was  to 
meet  in  Grecia  "  a  mighty  king  "  who  should  "  rule  with 
great  dominion,  and  do  according  to  his  will."  Verse  3. 

This  mighty  king  of  Grecia,  as  all  know,  was  Alex- 
ander the  Great.  Of  him,  and  of  the  vast  dominion 
over  which  he  extended  his  conquests,  the  prophecy 
declared :  — 

"When  he  shall  stand  up,  his  kingdom  shall  be  broken,  and 
shall  be  divided  toward  the  four  winds  of  heaven;  and  not  to  his 
posterity,  nor  according  to  his  dominion  which  he  ruled:  for  his 
kingdom  shall  be  plucked  up,  even  for  others  beside  those."  Verse  4. 


t 


Copyright,  Boston  Photo  News  Co. 

THE  OBELISK  OF  THEODOSIUS 
And  the  Famous  Mosque  of  St.  Sophia  in  Constantinople 


53 


54  The  World  War 

Note  these  specifications:  (1)  When  he  shall  stand 
up,  his  kingdom  shall  be  broken;  (2)  it  shall  be  divided 
toward  the  four  winds  of  heaven;  (3)  not  to  his  pos- 
terity, but  for  others. 

These  predictions  are  all  clearly  met  in  the  history  of 
Alexander's  conquests,  and  in  the  division  of  his  empire 
after  his  death.  Note  the  following  historical  facts :  — 

1.  Immediately  after  his  return  to  Babylon  from  his 
triumphant  march  through  Asia  as  far  east  as  India, 
Alexander  died,  while  still  young,  and  at  the  pinnacle  of 
his  glory  and  power.     As  he  left  no  heir  to  the  throne, 
his  generals  made  his  weak-minded  half-brother  Arrhi- 
daeus  king.     It  was  also  arranged  that  if  the  expected 
child   of   Roxana,   Alexander's  wife,  .should   be   a   son, 
he  should  succeed  to  the  throne.     Perdiccas,  one  of  the 
generals,  was  appointed  regent;  and  other  leading  gen- 
erals were  appointed  governors  of  various  provinces  and 
divisions  of  the  empire.    Roxana's  child  proved  to  be  a 
son,  but  in  a  short  time  both  mother  and  child  were 
murdered. 

2.  "  With  the  death  of  Alexander's  son,  the  empire 
of  Alexander  the  Great  became  only  a  geographical  con- 
ception.    In  fact,  it  was  split  into  separate  parts,  and 
the  central  power,  continually  weakened  since  Alexan- 
der's death,  had  completely  vanished.    The  generals  now 
regarded  the  provinces,  which  had  been  originally  as- 
signed to  them  by  the  higher  power  merely  for  admin- 
istration, as  their  own  dominion.    It  was  therefore  only 
natural   that   after    306    B.    c.    they   styled   themselves 
'kings/  for  kings  they  had  been  for  years."4 

3.  "  The  battle  of  Ipsus    (301  B.  C.)    resulted  in  a 
permanent  division  of  the  vast  empire  founded  by  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  after  twenty-two  years  of  sanguinary 
wars  among  his  generals,  during  which  the  whole  of 

*  "  The  World's  History,"  Vol.  Ill,  p.  134. 


The  Eastern  Question 


55 


Alexander's  family  and  all  his  relatives  perished.  The 
triumphant  Seleucus  and  Lysimachus  divided  the  do- 
minion of  Asia  between  them,  Seleucus  receiving  the 
Euphrates  Valley,  northern  Syria,  Cappadocia,  and  part 
of  Phrygia ;  while .  Lysimachus  obtained  the  remainder 
of  Asia  Minor  in  addition  to  Thrace,  which  extended 
along  the  western  shores  of  the  Euxine  as  far  north  as 
the  mouth  of  the  Danube.  Ptolemy  was  allowed  to  hold 


Photo,  Am.   Press  Assn. 

Group   of   Armenian    Women   and    Children    Refugees    in    Caucasia 

v> 

Egypt  along  with  Palestine,  Phoenicia,  and  Ccele-Syria; 
while  Cassander  was  allowed  to  reign  in  Macedonia  and 
Greece  until  his  death."  5 

These  brief  historical  statements  record  the  fulfil- 
ment of  every  specification  given  in  Dan.  11 :  4.  Within 
two  hundred  and  thirty-five  years  after  this  prophecy 

5  "  Library  of  Universal  History,"  Vol.  Ill,  p.  779. 


56  The  World  War 

was  written,  Persia  had  been  overthrown  by  Grecia; 
Alexander,  the  "  mighty  king,"  had  been  broken  by  the 
hand  of  death,  and  his  kingdom  had  been  divided 
toward  the  four  winds  of  heaven,  "  not  to  his  posterity/' 
but  "  for  others." 

The  King  of  the  North,  and  the  King  of  the  South 

At  this  point,  two  of  the  four  divisions,  the  east  and 
the  west,  drop  out  of  sight,  while  the  other  two,  the 
north  and  the  south,  attain  greater  prominence.  The 
situation  in  the  year  281  B.  c.  exactly  meets  the  state- 
ment of  the  prophecy.  There  were  then  but  two  divi- 
sions of  the  Grecian  Empire.  One  was  Egypt,  in  the 
south,  a  strong  kingdom;  the  other  was  the  kingdom 
of  the  Selucidae,  in  the  north,  a  greater  and  stronger 
kingdom,  stretching  from  Persia  in  the  east  to  Mace- 
donia in  the  west.  These  are  the  two  kingdoms  desig- 
nated in  verses  5-15  as  "  the  king  of  the  south "  and 
"  the  king  of  the  north."  These  two  kingdoms,  founded 
by  Ptolemy  and  Seleucus,  for  more  than  one  hundred 
years  very  clearly  fill  in  the  outline  given  in  the  ten 
verses  that  follow  their  introduction  into  the  prophecy. 

There  can  be  no  difficulty  in  determining  which  is 
the  kingdom  of  the  south,  and  which  is  the  kingdom  of 
the  north.  The  location  of  their  territory  makes  this 
unmistakably  plain.  One  is  in  the  south,  the  other  in 
the  north.  It  matters  not  whether  their  boundaries  re- 
main precisely  the  same  at  all  times.  Sometimes  the 
kingdom  of  the  south  extended  farther  north  into  Pales- 
tine than  at  other  times.  Seleucus  and  his  successors 
did  not  always  retain  all  their  territory  at  the  extreme 
limits  east  and  west.  Syria  and  all  of  Asia  Minor  in 
the  north  remained  intact,  and  continued  to  be  the 
"  king  of  the  north  "  without  a  break,  to  the  time  when 
a  new  power  is  introduced  by  the  prophecy,  as  noted  in 
verse  16. 


The  Eastern  Question  57 

These  plain  facts  of  history  as  related  to  the  proph- 
ecy, show  us  where  to  look  for  the  king  of  the  south 
and  the  king1  of  the  north.  We  are  to  look  to  the  south- 
ern division  of  Alexander's  empire  for  the  king  of 
the  south,  and  to  the  northern  division  for  the  king 
of  the  north.  It  is  not  the  particular  king  nor  dynasty, 
but  the  particular  locality,  that  constitutes  one  the  king 
of  the  south  and  the  other  the  king  of  the  north.  Kings 
may  die,  and  dynasties  may  change;  yet  the  locations 
remain,  and  whatever  nation  may  be  ruling  in  either 
of  these  divisions  at  any  time  is  the  king  of  that  divi- 
sion, whether  south  or  north. 

At  the  close  of  Dan.  11 :  15,  the  prophecy,  having 
given  the  plainest  information  regarding  the  place,  the 
order  of  development,  and  the  history  of  the  two  king- 
doms of  Ptolemy  and  Seleucus  for  nearly  two  centuries, 
now  drops  these  kingdoms,  while  it  traces  the  history  of 
events  that  were  to  follow  to  the  close  of  time.  It  fore- 
tells briefly  the  history  of  the  Roman  Empire,  the  great 
apostasy  of  the  church  during  the  Dark  Ages,  the  Ref- 
ormation of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  the  French  Rev- 
olution which  occurred  near  the  close  of  the  eighteenth 
century.  After  passing  over  this  long  period  of  about 
two  thousand  years,  the  prophecy,  in  a  very  direct,  posi- 
tive way,  brings  "  the  king  of  the  south  "  and  "  the  king 
of  the  north  "  back  to  the  prominent  place  which  they 
occupied  in  the  early  portion  of  the  prophecy,  showing 
the  part  they  are  to  play  in  the  closing  acts  of  earth's 
drama. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

A  Turkish  Military  Headquarters  near  Jerusalem 

THE  FATE  OF  THE  OTTOMAN  EMPIRE 

IN  the  closing  part  of  the  outline  of  the  history  of 
the  world  recorded  by  Daniel  in  the  eleventh  chapter  of 
his  prophecy,  is  foretold  a  bitter  conflict  between  the 
king  of  the  north  and  the  king  of  the  south,  and  another 
power  that  was  to  make  war  against  them.  The  proph- 
ecy reads : — 

"  At  the  time  of  the  end  shall  the  king  of  the  south  push  at  him: 
and  the  king  of  the  north  shall  come  against  him." 

"  The  Time  of  the  End  " 

The  expression,  "  the  time  of  the  end,"  is  repeatedly 
used  by  the  prophet  to  point  out  a  definite  period  of 
time.  There  is  good  ground  for  believing  that  this 
period  must  date  from  the  year  1798,  the  final  limit  of 
the  period  in  which  the  Papacy  exercised  its  supremacy. 
This  prophetic  period  of  twelve  hundred  and  sixty  years 
is  to  be  reckoned  from  the  issuance,  in  533,  of  Justin- 
ian's decree  recognizing  the  Pope  as  "  the  head  of  all 
the  churches,"  and  the  events  culminating  in  538,  when 
Vigilius  "  ascended  the  papal  chair  under  the  military 

59 


60  The  World  War 

protection  of  Belisarius."  It  would  accordingly  extend 
to  1798,  when  the  Pope  was  taken  prisoner,  marking  the 
close  of  that  series  of  events  which  constituted  the  giv- 
ing of  the  deadly  wound  to  the  Papacy  and  the  bring- 
ing to  an  end  the  allotted  period  of  supremacy  over  the 
souls  and  bodies  of  men. 

At  the  beginning  of  "  the  time  of  the  end  "  (1798, 
as  determined  by  the  events  of  history  in  fulfilment  of 
the  prophetic  outlines)  Egypt,  the  old  kingdom  of  the 
south,  was  under  the  rule  of  the  Mamelukes;  while 

A.  D.  538                                                                                                                      A..  D.  1798 
| The  1260  years _J 

Syria,  Asia  Minor,  Thrace,  and  Macedonia,  constituting 
the  original  kingdom  of  the  north,  had  been  for  cen- 
turies the  Turkish  Empire. 

Thus  in  1798,  if  the  exposition  of  the  prophecy  de- 
termining the  beginning  of  "  the  time  of  the  end  "  be 
correct,  "  the  king  of  the  south  "  and  "  the  king  of  the 
north "  will  be  found  engaged  in  war  with  a  third 
power,  which  in  Daniel's  prophecy  is  designated  by  the 
pronoun  "  him."  The  fact  that  just  such  a  conflict  as 
this  prophecy  foretells  was  begun  in  the  year  1798, 
by  Egypt  and  Turkey  and  France,  leads  clearly  to  the 
conclusion  that  France  is  the  power  referred  to  by 
the  undeniable  facts  of  history,  which  meet  the  speci- 
fications of  this  prophecy. 

In  the  year  1798  France  began  the  conquest  of 
Egypt  and  Turkey,  thus  precipitating  a  war  attended 
by  results  most  pathetic  and  terrible.  Egypt  resisted, 
—  pushed  at  him, —  but  was  conquered.  Turkey's  fate, 
however,  was  different.  Turkey  triumphed  over  the 
armies  of  France,  and  overflowed  and  passed  over,  just 
as  the  prophecy  said  would  be  done.  The  full  history 
of  the  invasions,  the  resistances,  the  victories,  and  the 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

A  STREET  SCENE   IN   MODERN   JERUSALEM 


61 


62  The  World  War 

defeats  of  that  war  which  began  in  1798,  meets  every 
specification  of  the  prophecy,  and  this  is  the  only  his- 
tory of  nations  that  answers  to  these  predictions. 

The  French  Invasion  of  Egypt  and  Turkey 

The  following  brief  statements  record  the  facts  of 
the  opening  events :  - 

"Bonaparte's  expedition,  consisting  of  forty  thousand  land 
trqops  and  ten  thousand  seamen,  sailed  from  Toulon  for  Egypt  on 
the  nineteenth  of  May,  1798."  i 

"Bonaparte  .  .  .  landed  safely  at  Marabout,  in  Egypt,  July  1. 
The  Mamelukes,  who  then  ruled  Egypt,  were  unprepared  for  defense. 
Alexandria  was  immediately  taken  [July  2]  and  occupied,  and  the 
march  was  then  resumed  for  Cairo  [July  6].  ... 

"  Ascending  the  Nile  to  the  apex  of  the  delta,  Bonaparte  learned 
that  the  Mamelukes  under  their  beys,  with  Arabs  and  fellahs,  amount- 
ing in  all  to  thirty  thousand  men,  were  intrenched  between  Embabeh 
and  Gizeh,  in  the  plain  of  the  Pyramids,  opposite  Cairo.  .  .  . 

"  In  spite  of  the  desperate  valor  displayed  by  the  Mamelukes 
led  by  Murad  Bey,  the  French  gained  a  complete  victory  (July  21). 
This  battle,  called  the  Battle  of  the  Pyramids,  overthrew  the  gov- 
ernment of  the  Mamelukes,  and  opened  Cairo  to  the  French,  who 
entered  it  the  following  day."  2 

"  The  Porte  [government  of  Turkey]  solemnly  declared  war 
against  France,  Sept.  4,  1798,  and  coalesced  with  Russia  and  Eng- 
land. The  sultan  ordered  the  formation  of  an  army  for  the  con- 
quest of  Egypt.  This  event  rendered  the  situation  of  the  French 
extremely  critical."  s 

These  statements  show  plainly  that  at  the  time  of 
the  end,  in  1798,  a  war  was  begun  in  Egypt  in  which 
France,  Turkey,  and  Egypt  were  severally  engaged,  each 
with  a  separate  object  in  view. 

"  '  In  the  year  1213  A.  n.'  (or  1798  of  our  era),  says  Abderrahman 
Gabarty,  '  was  the  beginning  of  the  wars,  the  calamities,  the  interrup- 
tion of  the  ordinary  course  of  events,  in  short,  the  general  ruin.'  "  •"* 

Of  this  period  another  has  written :  - 

"  It  is  at  this  position  that  historians  open  a  new  and  important 
epoch  of  European  annals.  Practically  the  whole  continent  begins 

^Library  of  Universal^History/'^yol.  VIII,  p.  2637. 
276, 


2  Dryer  and  Hassell,  "  History  of  Modern  Europe,"  Vol.  V,  chap.  60,  pj . 
5,  277. 


3  A.  A.  Paton,  "  History  of  the  Egyptian  Revolution,"  Vol.  I,  p.  9& 


The  Fate  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  63 

to  see  in  Constantinople  a  valuable  acquisition.  Here  the  greatest 
struggle  of  naval,  military,  and  diplomatic  powers  during  the  ages 
began." 

The   French  Lay   Siege  to  Saint  Jean  d'Acre 

As  soon  as  the  Turkish  government  at  Constantino- 
ple had  declared  war  on  France,  preparations  were  be- 
gun to  meet  Napoleon  and  his  forces.  An  army  was 
assembled  at  Damascus,  to  march  southward  to  attack 
Napoleon  on  the  borders  of  Egypt;  while  plans  were 
laid  for  the  gathering  of  another  army  of  thirty  thou- 
sand at  Rhodes,  to  be  transported  by  the  fleet  to  Alex- 
andria. At  the  same  time,  Turkey  formed  naval  al- 
liances with  Russia  and  England,  by  which  she  secured 
the  help  of  their  ships. 

Learning  of  Turkey's  declaration  of  war,  Napoleon, 
with  his  accustomed  promptness  to  act,  began  his  march 
from  Cairo  to  Constantinople.  Everything  along  the 
route  was  taken  by  the  French  until  they  arrived  at 
Saint  Jean  d'Acre.  Here  he  met  a  stubborn  resistance 
by  the  Turkish  forces,  who  were  assisted  by  the  British 
ships  under  the  command  of  Sir  Sydney  Smith.  With 
a  grim  determination  which  only  a  Napoleon  could  mus- 
ter, the  French  laid  siege  to  the  town.  The  struggle 
was  desperate  and  long. 

Saint  Jean  d'Acre  "  was  the  only  fortress  in  Syria 
which  could  stop  him,"  says  a  French  historian.  "Its 
subjugation  would  make  him  the  undisputed  master  of 
Syria.  .  .  .  The  garrison  defended  the  town  with  a  vigor 
which  astonished  our  troops,  who  had  not  been  accus- 
tomed to  meet  with  strong  resistance  from  the  Turks, 
and  the  greater  part  of  our  soldiers  who  penetrated  into 
the  town  were  slain."  4 

The  French  Forces  Threatened  by  a  Turkish  Army 

"  The  Turks  were  not  idle.  By  vast  exertions  they  had  roused 
the  whole  Mussulman  population  to  march,  in  the  name  of  the 
prophet,  for  the  destruction  of  the  'Christian  dogs.'  An  enormous 

4  Lanf  rey,  "  The  History  of  Napoleon,"  Vol.  I,  chap.  11,  p.  293. 


Coayright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

ON  THE  SUEZ  CANAL 

64 


The  Fate  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  65 

army  was  marshaled,  and  was  on  its  way  for  the  relief  of  the 
beleaguered  city.  Damascus  had  furnished  its  thousands.  The 
scattered  remnants  of  the  fierce  Mamelukes,  and  the  mounted 
Bedouins  of  the  desert  had  congregated  to  rush,  with  resistless 
numbers,  upon  their  bold  antagonist.  .  .  . 

"  Napoleon  had  been  engaged  for  ten  days  in  an  almost  inces- 
sant assault  upon  the  works  of  Acre  when  the  approach  of  the  great 
Turkish  army  was  announced.  It  consisted  of  about  thirty  thou- 
sand troops,  twelve  thousand  of  whom  were  the  fiercest  and  best- 
trained  horsemen  in  the  world.  Napoleon  had  but  eight  thousand 
effective  men  with  whom  to  encounter  the  well-trained  army  of 
Europeans  and  Turks  within  the  walls  of  Acre,  and  the  numerous 
host  rushing  to  its  rescue."  5 

Kleber  was  sent  forward  with  three  thousand  men 
to  meet  the  Turkish  army,  which  he  encountered  on  the 
eastern  border  of  the  plain  of  Esdraelon.  The  Turks 
outnumbered  Kleber's  forces  ten  to  one. 

"  Twelve  thousand  horsemen,  decorated  with  the  most  gorgeous 
trappings  of  military  show,  and  mounted  on  the  fleetest  Arabian 
chargers,  were  prancing  and  curvetting  in  all  directions.  A  loud 
and  exultant  shout  of  vengeance  and  joy,  rising  like  the  roar  of 
the  ocean,  burst  from  the  Turkish  ranks  as  soon  as  they  perceived 
their  victims  enter  the  plain.  .  .  .  The  whole  cavalcade  of  horse- 
men, with  gleaming  sabers  and  hideous  yells,  and  like  the  sweep 
of  the  wind,  came  rushing  down  upon  them.  Every  man  in  the 
French  squares  knew  that  his  life  depended  upon  his  immobility, 
and  each  one  stood,  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  his  comrades,  like  a 
rock.  .  .  . 

"At  one  o'clock,  Napoleon,  with  three  thousand  men,  arrived 
on  the  heights  which  overlooked  the  field  of  battle.  .  .  .  With  that 
instinctive  judgment  which  enabled  him,  with  the  rapidity  of  light- 
ning, to  adopt  the  most  important  decisions,  Napoleon  instantly 
took  his  resolution.  He  formed  his  little  band  into  two  squares, 
and  advanced  in  'such  a  manner  as  to  compose,  with  the  square  of 
Kleber,  a  triangle,  inclosing  the  Turks.  Thus,  with  unparalleled 
audacity,  with  six  thousand  men  he  undertook  to  surround  thirty 
thousand  of  as  fierce  and  desperate  soldiers  as  the  world  has  ever 
seen.  .  .  . 

"  The  Turks  were  assailed  by  a  murderous  fire  instantaneously 
discharged  from  the  three  points  of  this  triangle.  Discouraged  by 
the  indomitable  resolution  with  which  they  had  been  repulsed,  and 
bewildered  by  the  triple  assault,  they  broke  and  fled.  .  .  . 

"  The  victory  was  complete.  The  Turkish  army  was  not  merely 
conquered  —  it  was  destroyed.  As  that  day's  sun,  veiled  in  smoke, 

6  John  S.  C.  Abbott,  "  The  Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,"  Vol.  I,  chap.  12, 
p.  217. 


The  Fate  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  67 

solemnly  descended,  like  a  ball  of  fire,  behind  the  hills  of  Lebanon, 
the  whole  majestic  array,  assembled  for  the  invasion  of  Egypt,  and 
who  had  boasted  that  they  were  '  innumerable  as  the  sands  of  the 
sea,  or  the  stars  of  heaven,'  had  disappeared-  to  be  seen  no  more. 
The  Turkish  camp  with  four  hundred  camels  and  an  immense  booty, 
fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors."  6 

The  victory  of  the  French  confirmed  Napoleon  and 
his  generals  in  their  assurance  of  victory,  not  only  in 
the  siege  of  Acre,  but  over  the  whole  empire  of  Turkey. 
Although  they  had  thus  far  made  little  headway  in  the 
siege,  Napoleon  was  resolutely  bent  on  taking  the  town. 

Pressing  the  Siege  of  Acre 

"No  pen  can  describe  the  desperate  conflicts  and  the  scenes  of 
carnage  which  ensued.  Day  after  day,  night  after  night,  and  week 
after  week,  the  horrible  slaughter,  without  intermission,  continued."  ^ 

"  Column  after  column  of  the  French  advanced  to  the  assault, 
but  all  were  repulsed  with  dreadful  slaughter.  Every  hour  the 
strength  of  the  enemy  was  increasing;  every  hour  the  forces  of 
Napoleon  were  melting  away  before  the  awful  storm  sweeping  from 
the  battlements."  » 

Failure  and  Retreat 

"  Success  was  now  hopeless.  Sadly  Napoleon  made  preparations 
to  relinquish  the  enterprise."  o  While  "  the  baggage,  sick,  and  field 
artillery  were  silently  defiling  to  the  rear,  the  heavy  cannon  were 
buried  in  the  sand,  and  on  the  twentieth  of  May,  Napoleon,  for  the 
first  time  in  his  life,  ordered  a  retreat."  10 

The  victorious  Turks  pursued  him,  retaking  southern 
Palestine,  wresting  from  the  French  the  whole  of  Egypt, 
and  adding  Libya  and  Ethiopia  to  their  African  posses- 
sions.11 

How  clearly  Turkey's  victories  over  the  French,  and 
her  conquests  in  Egypt,  ,Libya,  and  Ethiopia,  meet  the 
predictions  of  the  prophet!  Daniel  had  foretold  that 
"  the  king  of  the  north  "  would  come  against  the  invader 
"  like  a  whirlwind,  with  chariots,  and  with  horsemen, 
and  with  many  ships."  Dan.  11 :  40.  Wind  and  whirl- 

6  John  S.  C.  Abbott,  "  The  Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte,"  Vol.  I,  chap.  12, 
pp.  218-220.  2^  g  ^  ^  ^^  ig  ^  2^  9  i(j  chap  13  224 

10  Sir  Archibald  Alison,  "  History  of  Europe,"  Vol.  Ill,  chap.  25,  p.  484. 
"  See  "  Egypt  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  p.  114,  by  Cameron. 


68 


The  World  War 


wind,  when  used  as  symbols  in  prophecy,  represent 
strife,  war,  bloodshed.  Dan.  7:2;  Jer.  25 :  31-33.  In 
this  conflict,  Turkey  was  to  make  more  than  a  frantic 
dash  at  her  enemy.  She  was  to  plunge  into  war, — 
resolute,  prolonged,  bloody  war.  Turkey  did  this.  She 
made  every  preparation  for  well-sustained,  destructive 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

"The  Latest  German   Capture  in  Serbia" 

battle  with  her  powerful  enemy.  The  horrors  of  the 
different  engagements  may  well  be  represented  by  a 
devastating  whirlwind. 

Again  Turkey  was  to  come  "  with  chariots,  and  with 
horsemen."  Abbott  says  that  there  was  formed  at 
Damascus  a  Turkish  army  of  "  about  thirty  thousand 
troops,  twelve  thousand  of  whom  were  the  fiercest  and 
best-trained  horsemen  in  the  world."  And  he  adds: 
"  Twelve  thousand  horsemen,  .  .  .  mounted  on  the  fleet- 
est Arabian  chargers,  .  .  .  like  the  sweep  of  the  wind, 


The  Fate  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  69 

came  rushing  down  upon "  the  enemy.  Turkey  was 
also  to  come  "  with  many  ships."  In  addition  to  its 
own  fleet,  Turkey  was  supported  by  the  combined  fleets 
of  Russia  and  England. 

In  'describing  the  great  struggle  between  France  and 
Turkey,   the  historians  have  used  the  exact  words  in 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

A  Soldier's  Bomb-proof  Shelter 

vvhich  the  prophet  foretold  the  conflict.  And  the  result 
of  the  engagement  was  just  what  was  predicted.  The 
king  of  the  north  was  to  "  overflow  and  pass  over." 
He  was  to  be  the  victor. 

Napoleon  and  his  hitherto  invincible  and  always  vic- 
torious forces  had  invaded  Turkish  territory  with  the 
fullest  expectation  of  taking1  the  empire.  They  had 
never  known  defeat;  surely  Turkey  would  go  down  as 


70  The  World  War 

Egypt,  Italy,  and  other  countries  had  fallen  under  their 
.terrible  onslaughts. 

But  Turkey  did  not  go  down.  The  prophet  had  pre- 
dicted her  triumph,  and  the  prediction  was  fully  met. 
The  defeat  of  the  French  was  a  surprise  to  all  Europe, 
and  ever  remained  a  mystery  to  Napoleon.  Of  this  ex- 
perience, Lanf rey  says :  - 

"Many  times  during  the  deadly  delays  of  this  fatal  siege,  in 
which  he  experienced  his  first  check,  he  was  heard  to  inveigh  against 
'  this  miserable  little  hole  which  came  against  him  and  his  destiny.' 
And  many  times  later,  when  dwelling  on  the  vicissitudes  of  his  past 
life,  and  the  different  chances  which  had  been  open  to  him,  he  re- 
peated '  that  if  Saint  Jean  d'Acre  had  fallen,  he  would  have  changed 
the  face  of  the  world,  and  been  emperor  of  the  East.'  And  he  gen- 
erally added,  that  it  was  a  grain  of  sand  that  had  undone  all  his 
projects"  12 

An   Overruling  Providence 

But  it  was  more  than  the  defeat  at  Acre  that  de- 
cided the  issues  of  Napoleon's  conflict  with  Turkey. 
The  mighty  hand  .of  Providence  was  controlling  affairs. 
The  time  had  not  come  for  the  king  of  the  north  to 
come  to  his  end,  which  would  no  doubt  have  been  the 
result  if  the  colossal  designs  of  Napoleon  had  been  c&r- 
ried  out.  This  explains  why  everything  in  connection 
with  the  invasion  of  Turkey  seemed  to  conspire  against 
the  invader.  It  explains  the  mystery  of  this  strange 
defeat  of  the  French.  It  was  the  fulfilment  of  the  un- 
failing word  of  prophecy. 

"He  shall  enter  also  into  the  glorious  land,  .  .  .  and  the  land 
of  Egypt  shall  not  escape.  But  he  shall  have  power  over  the 
treasures  of  gold  and  of  silver,  and  over  all  the  precious  things  of 
Egypt:  and  the  Libyans  and  the  Ethiopians  shall  be  at  his  steps." 
Dan.  11:  41-43. 

All  this  was  fulfilled.  The  "glorious  land,"  Pales- 
tine, was  brought  under  more  complete  control  of  the 
Porte.  Egypt  was  wrested  from  the  French.  Libya 
and  Ethiopia,  with  their  various  dependencies,  were 

12 "  The  History  of  .Napoleon,"  Vol.  I,  p.  296. 


The  Fate  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  71 

conquered  and  annexed  to  Turkey  as  Egyptian  prov- 
inces. And  the  "  treasures  ...  of  Egypt "  passed  al- 
most entirely  into  the  hands  of  the  Turkish  rulers. 
Mehemet  Ali,  .Turkey's  governor  of  Egypt,  effected  a 
"revolutionary  transfer  of  landed  property  .in  Egypt" 
by  which  he  secured  and  destroyed  nearly  all  the  title 
deeds  of  the  country,  making  himself  "  sole  possessor  of 
Egypt.  .  .  .  Not  a  clod  of  earth,  not  an  ear  of  corn, 
not  a  piaster  profit  from  sale  of  grain,  belonged  to  any 

one  but  himself."  13 

• 

Turkey's  history  in  Palestine,  Egypt,  Libya,  and 
Ethiopia,  from  1798  to  1825,  meets  the  -predictions  of 
the  prophecy  concerning  her  triumphs. 

The  Dismemberment   of   Turkey   Foretold   in   Prophecy 

But  after  foretelling  these  splendid  victories  for  this 
power,  the  prophet  predicts  trouble,  and  reverses,  and 
utter  ruin.  He  says :  — 

"  But  tidings  out  of  the  east  and  out  of  the  north  shall  trouble 
him.  ...  He  shall  come  to  his  end,  and  none  shall  help  him." 
Dan.  11:  44,  45. 

Turkey  had  no  sooner  completed  her  conquests  in 
the  south  (1825)  than  serious  troubles  arose  in  the 
north  —  troubles  that  have  continued  to  this  day.  Rus- 
sia declared  war  on  Turkey  in  1827,  and  extended  her 
invasion  and  conquests  as  far  as  Adrianople  in  the  Bal- 
kan Peninsula,  and  Erzerum  in  Armenia.  Turkey  sued 
for  peace,  and  signed  the  Treaty  of  Constantinople, 
losing  heavily.  Here  began  a  perceptible  disintegration 
and  dismemberment  of  Turkey,  which  has  gone  steadily 
on  until  she  has  lost  every  foot  of  her  possessions  in 
Africa,  and  nearly  all  ^  her  territory  in  Europe.  These 
losses  have  been  so  great  that,  as  the  North  American 
Review  says, — 

•     »  Cameron,  '"  Egypt  in  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  pp.  83-87. 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

BROTHER  AGAINST  BROTHER 


72 


One  of  the  Strange  Vicissitudes  of  War  in  which  a  Soldier 
Captures  his  own  Brother 


The  Fate  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  73 

"There  is  no  longer  a  Turkish  Empire  in  Europe.  A  strip  of 
country  around  Constantinople  is  still  held  by  the  sultan's  troops; 
but  all  the  other  provinces  of  the  Turkish  Empire  are  in  the  hands 
of  the  Balkan  confederation." 

The  Death  Knell  of  Turkey 

And  now  the  Entente  Allies  have  announced  that  one 
of  their  conditions  of  peace  is  the  expulsion  of  the  Turk 
from  Europe.  The  decision  was  made  when  Turkey 
joined  the  Teutonic  Powers  in  their  conflict  with  the 
Allied  Powers.  It  was  then  that  Mr.  Asquith,  at  that 
time  premier  of  Great  Britain,  made  the  following 
declaration  for  the  British  Cabinet :  — 

"  It  is  not  the  Turkish  people,  it  is  the  Turkish  government, 
that  has  drawn  the  sword,  and  I  do  not  hesitate  to  predict  that 
that  government  will  perish  by  the  sword.  It  is  they,  and  not  we, 
who  have  rung  the  death  knell  of  the  Ottoman  dominions,  not  only 
in  Europe,  but  in  Asia." 

Following  this  statement  by  the  British  premier, 
M.  Sazonoff,  then  premier  of  Russia,  in  announcing  cer- 
tain Russian  victories  over  the  Turks,  said, — 

"  The  radiant  future  of  Russia  on  the  Black  Sea  is  beginning  to 
dawn  near  the  walls  of  Constantinople." 

About  the  same  time,  Sir  Edward  Grey,  who  was 
then  British  foreign  secretary,  stated  in  the  House  of 
Commons  that  England  was  "  in  entire  sympathy  "  with 
Russia's  plans  for  the  settlement  of  the  "  politico-eco- 
nomic problem  bound  up  With  her  access  to  the  sea." 
And  he  added,  "  What  form  their  realization  will  take, 
will  no  doubt  be  settled  in  the  terms  of  peace." 

The  Program  of  Russia 

The  plainly  expressed  policy  of  Russia  was  well 
understood  by  both  the  premier  and  the  foreign  secre- 
tary of  Great  Britain  when  they  made  their  significant 
utterances. 


74  The  World  War 

Writing  of  these  important  political  announcements 
made  in  the  capitals  of  England  and  Russia,  Mr.  Joseph 
Edgar  Chamberlin  says:  — 

"  That  the  program  of  Russia  and  her  allies  will  be  carried  out, 
and  that  Constantinople  will  become  Russian,  admits  of  little  doubt. 
Sir  Edward  Grey  did  not  name  Constantinople  in  his  remarks  in 
the  House  of  Commons  expressing  England's  sympathy  with  'Rus- 
sia's aspirations,  but  the  Duma  pronouncement  to  which  he  referred 
did  name  it,  and  his  declaration  has  no  other  meaning.  It  is  ar- 
ranged that  Russia  shall  take  the  great  city  on  th'e  Bosporus."  i* 

England's  Policy  Reversed 

Students  of  world-wide  politics  are  amazed  at  the 
great  changes  now  taking  place.  As  Mr.  Frank  H. 
Simonds  says :  — 

"  Thus  in  a  single  hour  the  Eastern  Question  changed  its  whole 
appearance.  Thus  England,  at  last,  and  unmistakably,  however 
guarded  the  diplomatic  phrase,  renounced  the  policy  of  Beaconsfield, 
the  policy  which  had  provoked  the  Crimean  War,  and  sent  the 
British  fleet  to  the  Sea  of  Marmora  to  destroy  the  Treaty  of  San 
Stefano."  ^ 

Mr.  Chamberlin  adds :  — 

"  This  news  points  to  a  step  in  history  which  the  world  has 
awaited  with  a  sort  of  chill  of  horror  for  two  hundred  years;  which 
England  and  France  together  fought  one  great  war  to  prevent;  and 
to  discourage  which,  England  has  been  more  than  once  on  the 
brink  of  other  wars.  After  laying  down  millions  in  treasure  and 
many  thousands  of  lives  in  the  Crimean  War  in  1853-56,  and  after 
the  immense  and  costly  coups  of  Disraeli's  statesmanship  in  1878, 
it  is  now  England  herself  who  batters  down  the  gates  of  Constan- 
tinople, in  order  that  Russia  may  come  in,  and  possess  it.  Has 
there  ever  been  so  strange  a  right-about-face  in  the  history  of  the 
nations?  "  10 

Now  all  this  is  serious  for  Turkey.  It  is  the  climax 
of  the  trouble  she  has  been  passing  through  since  1827, 
when  Russia,  her  powerful  enemy  in  the  north,  declared 
war  upon  her,  pushed  Russian  victories  almost  to  the 
walls  of  Constantinople,  and  compelled  Turkey  to  sign 

14  Evening  Mail,  London,  Feb.  "26,  1915. 

15  Review  of  Reviews,  New  York,  April,  1915. 

16  Evening  Mail,  London,  Feb.  26,  1915. 


The  Fate  of  the  Ottoman  Empire  75 

a  Humiliating  treaty.  This  was  the  beginning  of  a  series 
of  Turkish  reverses  which  has  continued  to  the  present 
time,  and  brought  the  empire  to  the  brink  of  ruin. 

The  trouble  growing  out  of  Turkey's  reverses  and 
disintegration  is  not  confined  to  the  Turkish  nation.  It 
has  extended  to  other  nations,  until  nearly  all  are 
involved. 

And  there  is  nothing  in  sight  that  gives  promise  of 
relief.  The  roads  of  the  European  nations  cross  at  Con- 
stantinople;  and  on  that  cross,  as  one  has  said,  "  the 
peace  of  Europe  was  crucified."  The  sword  had  been 
drawn;  and,  judging  from  the  avowed  purpose  of  the 
nations,  it  looks  as  if  it  will  never  be  sheathed  until  Con- 
stantinople, the  Bosporus,  and  the  Dardanelles  pass  from 
Turkey  into  the  hands  of  some  other  great  power  or  com- 
bination of  powers. 

Will  There  Be  Lasting  Peace? 

But  will  that  end  the  trouble,  and  establish  lasting 
peace?  How  will  peace  be  possible  under  the  conditions 
that  are  sure  to  be  created  ?  According  to  the  claims  of 
all  the  powers  for  a  hundred  years,  the  strong  nation 
that  possesses  the  strategic  position  of  Constantinople 
will  dictate  terms  to  the  rest  of  Europe,  and  that  surely 
will  not  promote  the  peace  of  the  world.  It  requires  no 
stretch  of  the  imagination  to  see  great  trouble  ahead  of 
the  powers  in  their  attempts  to  arrange  terms  of  peace 
after  the  present  war  closes. 

Discussing  the  question  of  remapping  Europe  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  war,  Mr.  H.  G.  Wells  says:- 

"  To  the  redrawing  of  that  map  a  thousand  complex  forces  will 
come.  There  will  be  much  attempted  overreaching  in  the  business, 
and  much  greed.  Few  will  come  to  negotiations  with  simple  inten- 
tions. In  a  wrangle,  all  sorts  of  ugly  and  stupid  things  may  happen. 
.  .  .  Europe  will  blunder  into  a  new  set  of  ugly  complications,  and 
prepare  a  still  more  colossal  Armageddon  than  this  that  is  now 
going  on." 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Armored  Train  used  for  Reconnoitering 


ARMAGEDDON 

THE  word  "  Armageddon  "  is  used  by  public  speak- 
ers and  writers  the  world  over  to  describe  and  name  the 
great  World  War  that  began  in  Europe  in  the  summer 
of  1914.  One  editor  remarks  that  although  "  we  hear 
the  word  '  Armageddon '  used  on  all  sides  these  days  in 
connection  with  the  European  war,  ...  it  is  exceed- 
ingly probable  that  nine  men  out  of  ten  do  not  know 
why  it  is  employed  to  describe  a  great  conflict  or 
slaughter." 

Although  the  word  is  new  to  the  masses,  and  its 
meaning  is  not  very  clear,  yet  to  many  it  seems  sug- 
gestive of  something  very  serious,  and  an  earnest  desire 
is  manifested  everywhere  to  know  its  full  significance. 

Those  who  use  the  word  "  Armageddon,"  either  to 
describe  or  to  name  the  great  struggle  now  going  on, 
evidently  understand  that  it  means  a  tremendous  clash 
of  the  nations  of  earth  —  a  World  War. 

Note  the  following  statement  by  the  editor  of  the 
Washington  Post:  — 

77 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

A   MODERN    BATTLESHIP    ON   FIRE 

78 


Armageddon 


79 


"  This  coming  retribution  is  the  battle  of  Armageddon.  All 
the  world  is  moving  to  the  conflict.  War  and  justice  joined  issue 
when  Cain  slew  his  brother,  and  the  quarrel  is  not  yet  composed, 
and  perhaps  the  final  adjudication  will  not  come  until  Armageddon." 

To  this  editor,  Armageddon  means  a  great  battle  — 
all  the  world  moving  to  the  conflict  —  the  ending  of  the 
quarrels  of  the  human  race. 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Gunners  of  the  "  Emden,"  the  famous  German  Raider 

The  editor  of  the  North  American  Review  *  says :  — 

"Europe  stands  today  at  Armageddon.  On  every  hand,  its 
proud  peoples  are  rising  in  their  virile  strength,  and  are  rushing 
with  earth-shaking  tread  to  that  frightful  holocaust  which  may 
check  our  civilization  —  giants  grappling  to  the  death  in  a  modern 
'  twilight  of  the  gods.'  .  .  .  The  great  conflagration  has  come  at 
last,  and  today  all  Europe  is  wrapped  in  flames.  .  .  .  '  Europe  in 
arms,' — the  greatest  tragedy  in  all  recorded  history.  At  the  utter- 
most ends  of  the  earth  men  prepare  today  for  the  fight." 

1  September,  1914. 


80  The  World  War 

Note  the  significance  of  these  impressive  statements, 
-  peoples  "  rushing  with  earth-shaking  tread "  to  a 
"  frightful  holocaust ; "  "  all  Europe  is  wrapped  in 
flames; "  "  at  the  uttermost  ends  of  the  earth  men  pre- 
pare today  for  the  fight ; "  "  the  greatest  tragedy  in  all 
recorded  history," — this  great  conflict,  says  the  editor, 
is  "  Europe  ...  at  Armageddon." 

Shortly  after  the  present  World  War  began,  a  writer 
in  Collier's  Weekly  said :  — 

"  Now  Armageddon  has  a  real  meaning.  Now  we  have  roar- 
ing in  our  ears  the  thunder  of  the  cannons  and  the  shouting  of  a 
continent  in  conflict.  If  this  be  not  Armageddon,  we  shall  never 
suffer  that  final  death  grip  of  the  nations." 

Why   This  War  Has  Been  Named  Armageddon 

This  is  the  first  war  in  the  history  of  the  world  that 
has  so  generally  been  named  Armageddon.  In  the  rec- 
ords of  all  the  wars  preceding  the  titanic  struggle  now 
going  on,  there  is  scarcely  any  use  of  this  word.  What 
is  the  significance  of  this?  Why  the  general  conviction 
that  this  war  is  Armageddon? 

The  answer  is  very  clearly  given  by  Dr.  Courtney, 
editor  of  the  Fortnightly  Review.  In  the  September 
(1914)  number  he  began  a  series  of  editorials  entitled 
"  Armageddon  —  and  After."  In  the  first  article  he 
said :  — 

"  In  the  clash  of  the  two  great  European  organizations,  the 
Triple  Alliance  and  the  Triple  Entente,  we  have  all  those  wild  fea- 
tures of  universal  chaos  which  the  writer  of  the  Apocalypse  saw  with 
prophetic  eye  as  ushering  in  the  great  day  of  the  Lord,  and  paving 
the  way  for  a  new  heaven  and  a  new  earth.  It  is  a  colossal  upheaval. 
But  what  sort  of  a  new  heaven  and  a  new  earth  is  it  likely  to 
usher  inf  " 

This  is  a  truly  significant  statement.  In  the  use  of 
the  word  "  Armageddon  "  the  writer  borrows  the  main 
part  of  the  title  of  his  editorial  from  the  apostle  John, 
who  wrote  the  book  of  Revelation.  He  then  states  in 
most  impressive  language  that  in  this  World  >var  we 


Boston  Photo  News  Co. 

BRITISH    SUPERDREADNAUGHT    "IRON    DUKE" 

have  a  fulfilment  of  that  prophecy  which  foretold  Ar- 
mageddon. 

A  Striking  Similarity 

These  statements  from  prominent  writers  in  differ- 
ent parts  of  the  world  are  not  adduced  as  proof  that 
this  great  devastating  war  is  the  Armageddon  of  the 
Scriptures.  They  are  given  to  show  that  the  feeling 
prevails  that  Armageddon  is  here,  and  to  explain  why 
6  81 


82  The  World  War 

this  impression  obtains.  The  points  of  similarity  be- 
tween the  prophecy  regarding  Armageddon  and  this 
gigantic  struggle  are  so  striking  that  it  is  easy  to  con- 
clude that  this  war  is  either  Armageddon  or  its  prelude. 
If  it  is  not  the  real  event,  it  would  seem  that  it  must 
be  its  immediate  precursor. 

The  Armageddon  of  the  Bible  is  to  be  so  great  an 
event,  so  terrible  in  character,  and  so  full  of  serious 
meaning  to  all  the  world,  that  it  ought  to  be  given  the 
most  earnest,  painstaking  study.  This  will  require  a 
careful  investigation  of  Bible  prophecies  and  of  inter- 
national problems. 

The  Scriptures  the  Source  of  Information  Regarding  Armageddon 

It  is  an  interesting  and  significant  fact  that  the  Bible 
is  the  original  source  of  information  regarding  the  Ar- 
mageddon to  which  so  many  speakers  and  writers  are 
now  calling  attention.  The  Encyclopedia  Britannica 
says : — 

"  From  the  application  of  the  word  '  Armageddon '  to  the  great 
battle  at  the  end  of  time,  comes  the  use  of  the  phrase  '  an  Armaged- 
don '  to  express  any  great  slaughter  or  final  conflict."  2 

In  the  writings  of  the  apostle  John  is  given  the  first 
published  statement  in  regard  to  Armageddon,  as  fol- 
lows :  — 

"The  sixth  angel  poured  out  his  vial  upon  the  great  river 
Euphrates;  and  the  water  thereof  was  dried  up,  that  the  way  of  the 
kings  of  the  East  might  be  prepared."  Rev.  16:  12. 

"And  I  saw  coming  out  of  the  mouth  of  the  dragon,  and  out 
of  the  mouth  of  the  beast,  and  out  of  the  mouth  of  the  false 
prophet,  three  unclean  spirits,  as  it  were  frogs: 

"  For  they  are  spirits  of  demons,  working  signs ;  which  go 
forth  unto  the  kings  of  the  whole  world,  to  gather  them  together 
unto  the  war  of  the  great  day  of  God,  the  Almighty.  .  .  . 

"  And  they  gathered  them  together  into  the  place  which  is  called 
in  Hebrew  Har-Magedon."  Rev.  16:  13-16,  A.  R.  V. 

2  Eleventh  edition,  article  "Armageddon." 


Armageddon  83 

A  Weil-Defined  Outline 

This  prophecy  presents  the  following  clearly  defined 
outline :  — 

1.  The  drying  up  of  the  waters  of  the  Euphrates,  to 
prepare  or  clear  the  way  for  the  gathering  of  the  kings 
of  the  East.    Verse  12. 

2.  The  deceptive  working  of  demon  spirits  on  the 
minds  and  hearts  of  all  the  kings  and  nations  of  the 
earth,    inciting   them   to    war   and    bloodshed.      Verses 
13,  14. 

3.  The  gathering  of  the  misled,  war-maddened  na- 
tions of  the  whole  world  to  fight  "  the  battle  of  the  great 
day  of  God,  the  Almighty."    Verse  14. 

4.  The  place  of  this  great  battle  —  Armageddon,  or 
the  plain  of  Esdraelon,  in  Palestine.     Verse  16. 

5.  The  time  when  all  this  is  to  take  place;  namely, 
when   Christ,   the   Saviour   and   Deliverer,   is   about  to 
come.     Verse  15. 

Happily,  the  Scriptures  furnish  data  for  a  clear, 
rational  interpretation  of  the  prophecy  which  presents 
this  momentous  program  of  events. 

The  Drying  Up  of  the  River  Euphrates 

The  first  specification  in  the  prophetic  outline  is  the 
following :  — 

"  The  sixth  angel  poured  out  his  vial  upon  the  great  river  Eu- 
phrates; and  the  water  thereof  was  dried  up."  Rev.  16:  12. 

The  river  Euphrates  is  mentioned  many  times  in  the 
Scriptures.  It  first  appears  in  Gen.  2 :  14,  as  one  of  the 
four  rivers  of  the  ,Garden  of  Eden.  The  Euphrates  of  to- 
day rises  in  the  mountains  of  Armenia,  and  flows  down 
the  Mesopotamian  valley  to  the  Persian  Gulf.  On  its 
banks  once  stood  the  great  city  of  Babylon,  "  the  beauty 
of  the  Chaldees'  excellency."  Isa.  13 :  19.  At  present  the 
Euphrates  is  a  Turkish  river,  because  the  land  through 
which  it  flows  is  Turkish  territory. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

A  WOMAN  WORKER  IN  AN  ENGLISH  SHELL  FACTORY 

84 


Armageddon  85 

The  prophecy  foretells  the  drying  up  of  the  water 
of  the  Euphrates.  This  is  not  to  be  understood  to  mean 
the  drying  up  of  the  literal  water  of  the  river.  Water, 
when  used  in  prophecy,  stands  for  people.  This  is  the 
interpretation  given  to  John,  as  follows :  "  The  waters 
which  thou  sawest  .  .  .  are  peoples,  and  multitudes,  and 
nations,  and  tongues."  Rev.  17 :  15.  The  prophet  Isaiah 
uses  the  term  "  waters  "  to  symbolize  the  Assyrian  hosts 
that  came  against  the  inhabitants  of  Palestine.  "  The 
waters  of  the  river,  strong  and  many,  even  the  king  of 
Assyria,  and  all  his  glory,"  the  prophet  declares,  "  shall 
come  up  over  all  his  channels,  and  go  over  all  his 
banks."  Isa.  8:7.  These  scriptures  establish  the  fact 
that  water,  whether  rivers  or  seas,  is  used  symbolically 
to  represent  peoples  and  nations.  When  so  used,  a 
river  would  naturally  represent  the  people  through 
whose  land  it  flows. 

On  this  principle  of  interpretation,  it  is  claimed  that 
the  river  Euphrates,  being  a  Turkish  river,  would  at 
the  present  time  represent  Turkey.  The  language  used, 
then,  very  appropriately  describes  the  drying  up,  shrink- 
ing, disintegrating  process  that  Turkey  has  been  under- 
going during  the  past  century.  The  prediction  will  be 
fully  met  when  Turkey  comes  "  to  his  end,"  as  expressed 
by  the  prophet  Daniel  in  chapter  11,  verse  45. 

This  is  the  view  of  Guinness,  who  says :  — 

"  The  drying  up  of  the  Euphrates  .  .  .  has  long  been  understood 
to  refer  to  the  wasting  away  of  the  Turkish  power." 

Deceived  and  Maddened  by  Demons 

"  I  saw  .  .  .  spirits  of  demons,  working  signs ;  which 
go  forth  unto  the  kings  of  the  whole  world,  to  gather 
them  together  unto  the  war."  Rev.  16 :  13,  14,  A.  R.  V. 

The  war  of  Armageddon  will  have  in  it  and  back 
of  it  more  than  men.  It  will  have  men  deceived  and 
maddened  by  satanic  agencies.  It  is  not  here  claimed 


86 


The  World  War 


that  the  war  now  devastating  Europe  and  staggering 
the  whole  world  is  the  entire  fulfilment  of  the  predic- 
tion of  that  deceptive  work  of  demons  by  which  rulers 
and  people  will  be  blinded  and  crazed,  and  led  into 
wanton,  devastating  war.  But  if  ever  warring  nations 
seemed  to  be  under  the  control  of  satanic  powers,  get- 
ting ready  for  Armageddon,  it  is  at  this  time. 


Boston  Photo  News  Co. 

Belgian   Girls  working  in  a   German  Coal  Yard 

Before  this  clash  of  nations  began,  the  British  For- 
eign Secretary  said  in  the  House  of  Commons :  "  It  is 
really  as  if,  in  the  atmosphere  of  the  world,  there  were 
some  mischievous  influence  at  work  which  troubles  and 
excites  every  part  of  it."  Then  came  this  war,  which 
the  editor  of  the  North  American  Review  calls  "the 
greatest  tragedy  in  all  recorded  history." 

Prof.  Edgar  Lucien  Larkin,  Director  of  the  Mount 
Lowe  Astronomical  Observatory,  Southern  California, 


Armageddon 


87 


and    author    of   "  Within   the    Mind    Maze "    and    other 
works,  makes  the  following  startling-  statement :  — 

"The  mind  of  the  human  race  is  now  in  a  dangerous  state. 
How  do  I  know  this?  —  By  reading  my  simply  amazing  letters  re- 
ceived daily  from  so  many  parts  of  the  world,  and  by  conversing 
with  travelers  here  from  nearly  every  nation  on  the  planet.  Human 
thought  is  in  an  abnormal  paranoiac  condition.  A  paranoiac  is  liable 
to  become  violent  at  any  moment.  So  is  the  human  race,  now  as 


Boston  Photo  News  Co. 

A  School  for  Female  Street  Car  Conductors  in  Germany 

I  write.  I  would  not  have  the  reader  see  the  letters  received  here; 
I  burn  them.  They  reveal  an  awful  state  of  mentation.  But  I  am  in 
correspondence  with  scientific  researchers  in  mind  in  many  parts 
of  the  world.  They  write  me  of  unusual  mental  states.  Some  fear- 
ful influence  is  agitating  the  lower  faculties  of  the  mind  of  man. 
My  books  have  elicited  thousands  of  replies,  and  I  am  alarmed  over 
the  thoughts  therein.  I  assert  and  state  and  send  forth  from  this 
mountain  summit  this  day,  Feb.  21,  1916,  that  the  mind  of  the 
human  race  is  in  a  dreadful  condition."  3 

Under  the  title,  "  War  Madness/'  the  editor  of  the 
Springfield  Republican  says :  - 

8  San  Francisco  Examiner,  Feb.  25,  1916. 


Armageddon  89 

"  Is  war  a  craze  which  periodically  sweeps  over  people?  .  .  . 
It  certainly  seems  so.  Such  popular  fury  for  fighting  as  appears  to 
pervade  Europe  just  now  has  the  aspect  of  demoniacal  possession." 

Principal  L.  P.  Jacks,  dean  of  Manchester  College, 
Oxford,  and  editor  of  the  Hibbert  Journal,  declares :  — 

"  In  the  two  years  during  which  the  war  has  been  in  progress 
a  number  of  men,  women,  and  children,  roughly  equal  to  the  total 
population  of  London,  have  been  killed.  Perhaps  five  times  as  many 
have  been  wounded,  making  with  the  killed  a  total  not  far  short 
of  the  population  of  Great  Britain.  What  it  has  cost  in  material 
wealth  to  accomplish  this  result  would  be  hard  to  say;  probably 
$75,000,000,000  is  well  within  the  mark.  .  .  . 

"We  are  in  the  presence  of  something  essentially  irrational. 
Reason  is  said  to  be  the  prerogative  of  man.  The  war  —  not  the 
word,  not  the  idea,  but  the  thing  in  its  concrete  horror  —  is  a 
strange  comment  on  the  prerogative. 

"  Suppose  we  were  to  cut  the  war  out  as  a  single  chapter  in  the 
history  of  man's  doings  on  this  planet,  and  set  ourselves  to  deduce 
from  this  chapter  a  theory  as  to  the  nature  of  the  beings  who  did 
these  things.  .  .  .  Should  we  not  come  to  the  conclusion  that  man 
is  thoroughly  and  hopelessly  insane?  Should  we  not  warn  the 
angels  against  having  anything  to  do  with  a  race  of  lunatics  so 
dangerous? 

"We  have  come  to  this, —  that  about  three  hundred  million  hu- 
man beings  on  this  side  and  two  hundred  million  on  that  are  now 
engaged  in  trying  to  inflict  upon  each  other  the  greatest  possible 
amount  of  death,  mutilation,  and  material  loss,  and  have  so  far 
succeeded  as  to  kill  or  wound  forty  millions  and  to  destroy  $75,000,- 
000,000  worth  of  wealth  at  the  very  least.  As  a  test  case  of  what 
man  is,  and  what  he  is  capable  of,  we  shall  look  in  vain  for  any 
single  episode  or  revealing  action  that  will  tell  a  more  eloquent 
tale  about  man  —  that  is,  if  we  are  to  judge  him  by  what  he  does 
rather  than  by  what  he  says,  as  surely  we  ought  to  do.  We  could 
not  hesitate  as  to  the  conclusion  to  be  drawn  from  such  premises. 
To  conclude  that  human  nature  is  brutal,  or  wicked,  or  selfish,  or 
cruel,  would  not  be  enough.  Human  nature,  we  should  have  to  say, 
is  plainly  mad.  Insanity,  and  not  reason,  is  the  prerogative  of 
man.  .  .  . 

"  A  proposal  has  been  made  to  insure  perpetual  peace  by  a  new 
piece  of  machinery  —  a  federation  of  all  the  states  controlled  by  a 
World  Parliament.  It  is  a  proposal  which  leaves  me  cold.  .  .  . 

"  The  federation  of  the  world  would  be  a  cockpit  of  civil  war. 
Before  any  such  form  of  internationalism  can  be  successfully  at- 
tempted, a  preliminary  step  must  be  a  complete  change  of  nature 
in  each  of  the  combining  states."  * 

4  Quoted  in  Current  History,  October,  1916,  pp.  113-115. 


90 


The  World  War 


The  statements  of  these  editors  and  scholars  regard- 
ing the  present  situation  are  true  to  the  facts,  and  rep- 
resent the  opinions  of  many  men  of  keen  vision  and 
great  opportunities  for  observation. 

The  Whole  World  to  be  Involved 

In  the  war  of  Armageddon  the  whole  world  will  be 
represented  and  involved,  for  with  prophetic  eye  John 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

A  German  Paper  Factory  used  for  a  huge  Army  Bakery 

saw  demon  spirits  going  "forth  unto  the  kings  of  the 
whole  world,  to  gather  them  together  unto  the  war." 

Fifty  years  ago  it  would  hardly  have  been  possible 
to  suggest  international  complications  that  would  drag 
the  whole  world  into  the  vortex  of  war.  But  the  na- 
tions have  been  making  history,  and  today  it  is  not 
difficult  to  outline  a  tangle  that  would  involve  every 
nation  in  the  world.  In  fact,  the  tangle  is  well  in  sight, 
and  it  is  now  very  difficult  to  see  how  the  causes  of  the 
present  great  war  can  possibly  be  prevented  from  even- 


Armageddon 


91 


tually  leading  the  whole  world  into  the  battle  of  Ar- 
mageddon. 

Where  the  Battle  of  Armageddon  Will  be  Fought 

"  They  gathered  them  together  into  the  place  which 
is  called  in  Hebrew  Har-Magedon."  Rev.  16 :  16,  A.  R.  V. 

From  this  reading  it  is  evident  that  Armageddon  is 
a  place  —  the  place  where  "  the  battle  of  that  great  day 


Boston  Photo  News  Co. 

A  German  Trooper  Buying  Bread  from  a  Wayside  Bakery  in  Poland 

of  God"  is  to  be  fought.  That  battle  may  be  called 
the  "  Battle  of  Armageddon,"  the  same  as  Napoleon's 
battle  with  the  Mamelukes  near  the  pyramids  of  Egypt 
is  called  the  "  Battle  of  the  Pyramids."  Nelson's  naval 
battle  with  the  French  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nile  has 
come  down  in  history  as  the  "  Battle  of  the  Nile." 

The  storm  center  of  the  last  great  clash  of  the  na- 
tions, the  place  where  the  decisive  battle  of  the  last 


92  The  World  War 

world-struggle   is  to   be   fought,   will   be    Armageddon. 
Of  this  place  the  Encyclopedia  Americana  says :  - 

"  Armageddon,  the  great  battle  field  where  occurred  the  chief 
conflicts  between  the  Israelites  and  their  enemies.  The  name  was 
applied  to  the  table-land  of  Esdraelon  in  Galilee  and  Samaria,  in 
the  center  of  which  stood  the  town  of  Megiddo,  on  the  site  of  the 
modern  Lejjun." 

Armageddon  Also  Named   Esdraelon 

From  this  statement  it  appears  that  the  place  called 
Armageddon  was  also  called  Esdraelon. 


Boston  Photo  News  Co. 

Dinner  Time  for  French  Prisoners  in  Germany 

"  This  name  is  given  to  the  great  plain  of  central  Palestine, 
which  extends  from  the  Mediterranean  to  the  Jordan,  separating 
the  mountain  ranges  of  Carmel  and  Samaria  from  those  of  Galilee. 
...  It  is  the  ancient  plain  of  Megiddo,  the  Armageddon  of  Reve- 
lation 16:  16."  s 

By  a  glance  at  the  map  of  Palestine  it  will  be  easy 
to  locate  this  plain  called  Armageddon  and  Esdraelon.. 
Starting  at  the  base  of  Mt.  Carmel  on  the  Mediterra- 
nean Sea,  its  southern  line  runs  in  a  southeasterly  di- 
rection along  the  Samaria  ranges  to  Mt.  Ebal  near  the 

6  Abbott,  "  Dictionary  of  Religious  Knowledge." 


Armageddon  93 

Jordan.  Here  the  plain  turns  to  the  northeast  as  far 
as  Mt.  Tabor,  not  far  from  the  Sea  of  Galilee.  From 
that  point  the  northern  boundary  extends  westward  to 
the  plain  of  Acre  on  the  Mediterranean  Sea.  The  most 
southern  point  of  this  plain  is  about  forty  miles  north 
of  Jerusalem. 

Although  the  apostle  John  is  the  only  Bible  writer 
who  uses  the  word  "  Armageddon  "  in  foretelling  world- 
struggles,  he  is  not  the  only  prophet  who  foretells  the 
great  war  of  Armageddon.  His  prophecy  agrees  with 
the  prophecies  given  by  other  inspired  writers  centu- 
ries before  his  time.  The  prophet  Daniel,  in  foretelling 
the  clash  that  will  take  place  among  the  nations  at  the 
time  of  Turkey's  downfall,  describes  this  as  "  a  time  of 
trouble,  such  as  never  was  since  there  was  a  nation."  6 

From  Constantinople  to  Jerusalem 

In  his  prophetic  outline  of  the  nations,  Daniel  fore- 
tells the  transfer  of  the  Turkish  capital  from  Constan- 
tinople to  Jerusalem.  Of  Turkey  he  says :  - 

"He  shall  plant  the  tabernacles  of  his  palace  between  the  seas 
in  the  glorious  holy  mountain;  yet  he  shall  come  to  his  end,  and 
none  shall  help  him." 

Two  things  are  here  foretold  of  the  Turk:  First,  he 
shall  establish  his  palace  in  the  "  glorious  holy  moun- 
tain ;  "  second,  he  shall  then  "  come  to  his  end." 

The  palace,  it  is  fair  to  assume,  stands  for  the  dwell- 
ing place  of  the  sovereign  —  the  capital.  "  The  glorious 
holy  mountain  "  to  which  this  capital  is  to  be  removed, 
is  Mt.  Zion,  where  Jerusalem  stands.  This  is  made 
plain  by  Daniel,  who  says :  - 

"O  Lord,  according  to  all  Thy  righteousness,  I  beseech  Thee, 
let  Thine  anger  and  Thy  fury  be  turned  away  from  Thy  city  Jeru- 
salem, Thy  holy  mountain."  Dan.  9:  16. 

The  prophet  Zechariah  corroborates  this  statement: 

6  See  Dan.  11 :  40-45  ;  12  : 1. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

HOW  "  TOMMY  ATKINS  "  TAKES  HIS  DINNER  IN  THE  TRENCHES 
94 


Armageddon 


95 


"Thus  saith  the  Lord:  I  am  returned  unto  Zion,  and  will  dwell 
in  the  midst  of  Jerusalem:  and  Jerusalem  shall  be  called  a  city  of 
truth;  and  the  mountain  of  the  Lord  of  hosts  the  holy  mountain." 
Zech.  8:  3. 

Thus  is  plainly  foretold  the  transfer  of  Turkey's 
capital  from  Constantinople  to  Jerusalem.  Everything 


Photo,  Am.  Press  Assn. 


German  Trench  Building 


in  sight  at  this  time  indicates  that  the  Turk  must  soon 
leave  Constantinople.  Turkey's  victories  in  Egypt  from 
1798  to  1825  were  among  her  last.  From  that  time 
until  the  present,  Turkey  has  been  going  to  pieces.  She 
has  lost  all  her  possessions  in  Africa,  and  all  in  Europe 
save  a  small  portion  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula  surroujid- 
ing  Constantinople.  And  now  this  small  fraction  seems 
destined  to  be  wrested  from  her.  As  the  editor  of  the 
Los  Angeles  Times  says :  — 

"  The  day  of  the  Turk  in  Europe  is  practically  at  an  end.  .  .  . 
Constantinople,  a  position  of  wonderful  advantage,  must  fall  into 
new  hands,  and  all  are  wide  open  to  catch  the  prize." 


96  The  World  War 

A  Drying-up  Process 

Describing  the  gradual  decay  of  Turkey,  Lord  Bryce 
says : — 

"  The  high-water  mark  of  Turkish  conquest  had  been  reached 
when  Vienna  was  saved  by  the  Polish  king,  John  Sobieski,  in  A.  D. 
1683.  Ever  since  then  the  recession  of  the  water  has  been  unin- 
terrupted. .  .  . 

"  One  by  one  its  European  provinces  have  been  stripped  away. 
Hungary  was  lost,  and  then  in  succession  Transylvania  and  Bes- 
sarabia, and  the  two  Danubian  principalities  which  now  constitute 
the  Rumanian  kingdom,  and  Greece,  and  Serbia,  and  Bosnia,  and 
Thessaly,  and  Eastern  Rumelia,  and  Crete.  .  .  . 

"  It  would,  indeed,  have  before  now  been  torn  to  pieces  by 
revolt  or  absorbed  by  rapacious  neighbors  had  not  the  mutual  jeal- 
ousies of  the  European  states  interposed  a  check.  .  .  . 

"  If,  during  the  last  hundred  years,  the  Turkish  Empire  had 
stood  alone  and  unbefriended,  as  the  east  Roman  Empire  had  stood 
alone  in  the  •  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries,  it  would  before 
now  have  perished  from  the  earth.  The  process  of  decay  goes 
steadily  on  for  the  most  obvious  of  all  reasons.  .  .  . 

"  The  conditions  are  such  that,  even  if  by  some  amazing  chance 
such  a  man  as  Solyman  the  Magnificent  or  Akbar  .the  Great  were 
to  come  to  the  throne,  there  is  little  probability  that  the  process  of 
decline  could  be  arrested.  It  advances  with  the  steady  march  of  a 
law  of  nature.  Every  European  statesman  knows  this.  Every 
thinking  man  in  Turkey  itself  knows  it.  That  hopefulness  must 
be  blind  indeed  which  does  not  recognize  that  the  problem  now  is 
not  how  to  keep  the  Turkish  Empire  permanently  in  being,  but  how 
to  minimize  the  shock  of  its  fall  and  what  to  substitute  for  it." 

A  Tragic  Event 

The  tragic  character  of  what  is  now  taking  place  in 
Turkey  is  expressed  by  Albert  Bushnell  Hart,  professor 
of  history  in  Harvard  University,  as  follows :  — 

"  Tragic  as  are  the  obsequies  of  a  soldier,  how  much  more 
tragic  are  the  obsequies  of  a  nation,  the  last  ceremonies  over  a 
proud  empire  which  for  half  a  millennium  has  caused  its  people 
to  rejoice  and  its  enemies  to  tremble. 

"That  is  what  the  world  is  witnessing  now.  The  sick  man  of 
Turkey  is  dying  at  last.  The  government  offices  are  open;  Con- 
stantinople is  there;  twenty  millions  of  Turkish  subjects  still  live; 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  men  are  called  soldiers,  and  a  score  of 
vessels  name  themselves  a  navy.  Nevertheless  Turkey  is  seeing  its 
last  days.  It  may  live  weeks,  months,  perhaps  a  few  years;  but 
the  end  is  in  sight;  the  country  is  dying." 


Armageddon  97 

And  this  is  precisely  what  the  prophets  foretold. 
Daniel  said :  "  He  shall  come  to  his  end,  and  none  shall 
help  him."  Dan.  11:45.  John  said  this  nation  would 
be  "  dried  up."  And  both  of  these  prophets  declared 
that  its  end  would  be  accompanied  by  the  greatest  trou- 
ble the  world  had  ever  known.  Said  Daniel,  "  There 
shall  be  a  time  of  trouble,  such  as  never  was  since  there 
was  a  nation  even  to  that  same  time."  Dan.  12:  1. 
John  declared  that  when  the  Turkish  Empire  should  be 
"  dried  up,"  the  way  would  "  be  prepared  " —  made 
ready  —  for  the  nations  to  gather  at  Armageddon  for 
"  the  war  of  the  great  day  of  God,  the  Almighty."  See 
Rev.  16:  13-16. 

These  predictions,  written  many  centuries  ago,  are 
now  in  process  of  rapid  fulfilment.  Though  the  great 
Armageddon  is  not  yet  being  fought,  nor  has  that  awful 
"  time  of  trouble  "  gripped  the  world,  these  events  are 
approaching  with  alarming  rapidity.  The  generation 
now  living  is  watching  the  fulfilment  as  it  is  told  almost 
hourly  in  the  daily  papers.  How  serious  are  these  great 
events!  How  full  of  meaning  to  the  world! 

Joel's  Prophecy  of  War 

The  prophet  Joel  foresaw  this  time  and  the  tremen- 
dously serious  events  now  occurring.  He  saw  the  mani- 
festation of  the  war  spirit  and  the  anger  of  the  nations. 
He  heard  the  universal  proclamation  of  war.  He  saw 
such  colossal  preparations  for  war  that  it  appeared  as 
if  the  nations  were  turning  their  implements  of  agri- 
culture into  instruments  of  warfare  and  destruction. 
He  saw  the  nations  —  awakened,  aroused,  maddened  — 
gathering  in  the  land  of  Palestine  for  battle.  And  there 
he  saw  their  overthrow  and  utter  destruction.  His 
prophecy  should  be  read  with  the  greatest  care  by  all 
the  world  just  now.  Here  is  his  graphic  description:  — 
7 


Armageddon 


99 


"Proclaim  ye  this  among  the  Gentiles:  Prepare  war,  wake 
up  the  mighty  men,  let  all  the  men  of  war  draw  near;  let  them 
come  up:  beat  your  plowshares  into  swords,  and  your  pruning 
hooks  into  spears:  let  the  weak  say,  I  am  strong.  Assemble  your- 
selves, and  come,  all  ye  heathen,  and  gather  yourselves  together 
round  about:  thither  cause  thy  mighty  ones  to  come  down,  O  Lord. 
Let  the  heathen  be  wakened,  and  come  up  to  the  valley  of  Jehosha- 
phat:  for  there  will  I  sit  to  judge  all  the  heathen  round  about. 
Put  ye  in  the  sickle,  for  the  harvest  is  ripe:  come,  get  you  down; 


"  Prepare  war,  .  .  .  beat  your  plowshares  into  swords  " 

for  the  press  is  full,  the  fats  overflow;  for  their  wickedness  is  great. 
Multitudes,  multitudes  in  the  valley  of  decision:  for  the  day  of 
the  Lord  is  near  in  the  valley  of  decision."  Joel  3:  9-14. 

All  Pointed  to  the  Same  Events 

That  Daniel,  Joel,  and  John  were  all  foretelling  the 
same  great  events,  seems  evident.  They  all  located 
them  at  the  same  time  in  the  world's  history;  namely, 
at  its  close.  Daniel  said  they  would  take  place  at  the 
time  when  Michael,  the  Prince  of  Peace,  should  arise 
and  take  the  government  upon  His  shoulders.  Dan. 
12 :  1.  Joel  said  they  would  be  when  "  the  day  of  the 
Lord  is  near."  John  said  they  would  occur  when  Christ 
should  declare,  "Behold,  I  come."  Rev.  16:  15.- 


100  The  World  War 

Furthermore,  these  prophets  all  predicted  a  war  that 
would  bring  upon  the  world  "  a  time  of  trouble,  such 
as  never  was  since  there  was  a  nation,  even  to  that 
same  time." 

These  prophets  all  pointed  to  the  same  source  for 
deliverance;  namely,  to  the  world's  Redeemer,  the  Son 
of  the  Most  High.  He,  they  all  united  in  declaring, 
will  be  "  the  hope  of  His  people."  Joel  3 :  16. 

Why  should  it  be  thought  incredible  that  the  great 
war  of  today  may  be  the  beginning  of  the  end  —  the 
prelude  of  a  war  that  will  end  in  the  extermination  of 
all  the  nations  of  the  earth? 

World's  History  Outlined  in  Prophecy 

Centuries  ago,  the  prophecies  of  the  Bible  foretold 
the  overthrow  of  the  great  world  kingdoms  that  have 
been  established  in  the  earth.  Standing  in  the  presence 
of  Nebuchadnezzar,  king  of  Babylon,  the  prophet  Dan- 
iel traced  the  rise  and  fall  of  one  kingdom  after  an- 
other down  to  the  close  of  time,  when  the  Prince  of 
Peace  will  establish  His  universal  and  everlasting  king- 
dom on  the  earth. 

To  Nebuchadnezzar,  who  represented  the  kingdom 
over  which  he  ruled,  Daniel  said :  — 

"  After  thee  shall  arise  another  kingdom  inferior  to  thee,  and 
another  third  kingdom  of  brass,  which  shall  bear  rule  over  all  the 
earth.  And  the  fourth  kingdom  shall  be  strong  as  iron.  .  .  .  The 
[this]  kingdom  shall  be  divided "  into  a  number  of  kingdoms. 
"  They  shall  not  cleave  one  to  another.  ...  And  in  the  days  of 
these  kings  [kingdoms]  shall  the  God  of  heaven  set  up  a  king- 
dom, which  shall  never  be  destroyed:  and  the  kingdom  shall  not 
be  left  to  other  people,  but  it  shall  break  in  pieces  and  consume  all 
these  kingdoms,  and  it  shall  stand  forever."  Dan.  2:  39-44. 

Stormy  Conflicts  Foretold 

This  is  a  very  brief  but  truly  accurate  forecast  of 
the  succession  of  the  great  kingdoms  that  have  come  and 
gone  since  Babylon  flourished.  In  subsequent  prophe- 
cies, Daniel  foretold  the  stormy  conflicts  that  would 


Armageddon 


sweep  these  kingdoms  away  one  after  another.7  The 
history  that  fulfils  these  prophecies  is  full  of  interest 
and  importance,  even  though  it  be  the  history  of  dev- 
astating wars. 

Now  the  prophecies  that  foretell  the  war  of  Arma- 
geddon, predict  a  universal  war,  a  war  of  all  the  nations, 
a  war  that  will  sweep  away  all  the  kingdoms  of  the 
world.  These  prophecies  are  just  as  clear  and  definite 
and  positive  as  are  those  which  foretell  the  overthrow 
of  single  kingdoms  that  have  gone  down  in  ruin  during 
the  past  centuries.  They  give  the  cause,  the  place,  and 
the  results  of  the  war  of  Armageddon. 

Armageddon  Closes  the  World's  History     . 

The  prophecies  are  very  plain  and  definite  regard- 
ing the  time  of  the  Armageddon  conflict.  John  tells  us 
it  is  "  the  battle  of  that  great  day  of  God."  When  it 
is  about  to  break,  the  Saviour  says,  "  Behold,  I  come." 
When  it  is  over,  there  will  be  heard  "  a  great  voice  out 
of  the  temple  of  heaven,"  saying,  "  It  is  done."  Rev. 
16:  15,  17.  The  angel  Gabriel  said  to  Daniel:  "At  that 
time  shall  Michael  [Christ]  stand  up,  the  great  Prince 
which  standeth  for  the  children  of  thy  people  :  .  .  .  and 
at  that  time  thy  people  shall  be  delivered,  every  one 
that  shall  be  found  written  in  the  book."  Dan.  12:  1. 
The  prophet  Joel  says  it  will  come  when  "  the  day  of 
the  Lord  is  near,"  and  that  then  "  the  Lord  will  be  the 
hope  of  His  people."  Joel  3  :  14,  16. 

Language  could  not  be  clearer.  Armageddon  will 
be  a  last-day  event.  It  will  come  at  the  close  of  the 
sad,  tragic  history  of  this  world. 

Armageddon  is  to  be  the  last  cruel,  devastating  war 
of  the  human  race.  The  nations  will  then  do  what  they 
now  declare  to  be  their  purpose,  "  fight  this  controversy 
out  to  a  finish."  That  was  the  outlook  given  by  the 
prophets,  and  it  is  the  situation  as  it  exists  today. 

TSee  Daniel  7. 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

A  12-INCH  SKODA  SIEGE  GUN  OF  THE  GERMAN  ARMY 

102 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y 

Latest  Type  of  Armored  Motor  Car 

THE    PRESENT   OUTLOOK 

THE  achievements  of  this  age  have  increased  the  op- 
portunities of  the  human  race  beyond  the  wildest  imag- 
ination of  men  in  former  generations.  These  oppor- 
tunities are  placed  alike  within  the  grasp  of  single 
individuals,  of  combinations  of  individuals,  and  of  na- 
tions. 

There  are  single  men  today  who  wield  greater  power 
than  a  whole  nation  did  a  few  centuries  ago.  And  this 
power  is  multiplied  as  men  center  their  interests  and 
endeavors  in  commercial,  political,  and  national  organi- 
zations. 

Realizing  the  value  and  the  advantages  of  these  in- 
creased opportunities,  nations  have  become  possessed  of 
boundless  ambitions  to  extend  their  boundaries,  their 
commerce,  and  their  power.  It  is  these  ambitions,  so 
possible  of  realization,  that  multiply  the  probabilities 
and  dangers  of  international  competition,  and  strife, 
and  war. 

103 


104  The  World  War 

As  ocean  traffic  has  developed,  the  great  nations 
have  been  in  sharp,  determined  competition  to  establish 
themselves  in  advantageous  and  strategic  positions  in 
all  parts  of  the  world.  To  this  end  they  have  built 
navies  and  merchant  fleets,  they  have  secured  extensive 
colonial  possessions,  and  developed  far-reaching  com- 
mercial enterprises. 

A  Race  for  Advantages 

But  with  all  this  extension  of  boundary  lines,  in- 
crease of  population,  and  growth  of  commerce,  no  nation 
seems  to  be  satisfied.  Russia's  determination  to  gain 
greater  advantages  by  securing  free,  safe,  permanent 
access  to  the  oceans,  through  the  Bosporus  and  the  Dar- 
danelles, has  always  been  looked  upon  by  the  other  na- 
tions as  a  great  menace  to  their  interests  and  welfare. 
On  the  other  hand,  the  nations  claim  that  Germany's 
determination  to.  establish  a  route,  under  German  con- 
trol, from  the  North  Sea  to  the  Persian  Gulf,  imperils 
their  very  existence. 

Surveying  the  whole  field,  it  is  difficult  to  see  any- 
thing ahead  but  war  as  long  as  the  nations  have  power 
to  fight.  The  victory  of  the  Allies  would  wreck  the 
Teutonic  policy  of  expansion  and  commercial  suprem- 
acy. It  would  hold  Germany  in  England's  grip  in  the 
North  Sea.  It  would  continue  the  possibility  of  France's 
recovering  Alsace  and  Lorraine.  It  would  give  Russia 
the  waterway  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Mediterranean. 
It  would  fortify  England  in  the  Mediterranean,  at  the 
Suez  Canal,  and  in  her  overseas  possessions.  And  it 
would  strengthen  France  and  Italy.  All  this  would  cut 
off  Germany's  road  to  the  Persian  Gulf,  and  Austria's 
route  to  the  ^gean  Sea.  This  would  give  Russia  a 
dominant  position  in  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  which  the 
Teutonic  Powers  believe  would  threaten  their  existence. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  triumph  of  the  Teutonic 
Powers  would  reverse  all  this.  It  would  add  to  Ger- 


The  Present  Outlook  105 

many's  territory,  commerce,  power,  and  security.  It 
would  make  Germany's  influence  supreme  in  Constanti- 
nople, and  German  trade  and  industry  dominant  in 
Syria,  Arabia,  and  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates.  It 
would  establish  Austria-Hungary's  control  over  the 
northern  part  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  and  give  her  a 
naval  base  at  Salonika,  on  the  ^Egean, —  a  position 
which  she  has  long  sought.  It  would  also  give  her  a 
dominant  position  in  the  Adriatic. 

This  issue  was  clearly  understood  before  the  war  be- 
gan. Each  side  knew  full  well  what  defeat  would  mean, 
and  all  parties  went  into  the  struggle  to  fight  to  the 
death  for  victory.  With  such  tremendous  interests  at 
stake,  and  in  such  violent  conflict,  what  are  the  proba- 
bilities before  us?  Do  they  presage  peace,  or  war? 

A  Dark  Outlook 

With  the  horrors  of  the  great  war  growing  more 
terrible  at  each  new  turn  of  affairs,  alarm  regarding 
the  future  is  deepening.  So  far,  the  developments  of 
the  conflict  have  disappointed  everybody.  Things  have 
not  gone  as  was  expected.  The  situation  seems  to  be- 
come more  complicated  and  puzzling.  The  hope  of  a  set- 
tlement of  the  differences,  and  of  general,  permanent 
peace,  is  growing  smaller  as  the  struggle  continues. 
Some  of  the  men  of  largest  vision  are  openly  predicting 
that  this  war  will  not  bring  peace.  It  may  cease  for  a 
time;  but  after  a  lull,  a  storm  greater  in  its  sweep  and 
more  devastating  in  its  effects  is  likely  to  burst  upon  the 
world. 

In  a  careful  and  extended  review  of  conditions  now 
existing,  Prof.  Edward  Alsworth  Ross,  head  of  the  de- 
partment of  sociology  in  the  University  of  Wisconsin, 
states  his  conclusion  as  follows :  — 

"A  cool,  relentless  analysis  of  the  situation  discloses  little 
ground  for  hopeful  anticipation.  On  the  contrary,  the  prospect  is 


The  Present  Outlook  107 

one  of  the  blackest  humanity  has  ever  faced.     Such  is  the  appalling 
outlook  if  we  continue  on  the  national  line." 

Conflict  Not  Ended   by   Expulsion  of   Turkey 

The  taking  of  Constantinople  will  not  end  the  con- 
flict. The  waterway  from  the  Black  Sea  to  the  Medi- 
terranean must  go  with  Constantinople.  And  it  would 
seem  that  the  territory  along  this  waterway  must  go 
with  it.  That  would  involve  a  struggle  for  the  eastern 
part  of  the  Balkan  Peninsula,  and  at  least  the  western 
part  of  Asia  Minor.  Thus  the  Turk  would  be  forced 
back  into  Syria  and  Palestine,  into  the  very  region 
where  the  prophet  saw  him  established, — "  the  glorious 
holy  mountain,"  Jerusalem. 

But  the  prophet  saw  beyond  the  establishment  of  the 
Turkish  capital  at  Jerusalem.  He  saw  and  foretold  the 
overthrow,  the  utter  ruin,  of  the  government  of  Turkey 
after  it  had  planted  its  capital  in  Jerusalem.  From 
the  conditions  that  have  developed  in  recent  times,  and 
from  the  complex  and  wholly  unsolved  problem  of  the 
disposal  of  Asiatic  Turkey,  it  is  easy  to  see  how  quickly 
there  could  arise  fiery  complications  regarding  the  di- 
vision of  Asiatic  Turkey  and  the  possession  of  the  city 
of  Jerusalem,  that  would  lead  to  another  devastating 
war,  which  would  blot  the  Turkish  government  out  of 
existence. 

This  danger  is  clearly  foreseen  by  close  students  of 
conditions  in  the  Near  East.  Referring  to  the  recent 
agreement  of  the  Allies,  that  if  they  are  victorious, 
Russia  shall  have  Constantinople  and  the  Dardanelles, 
J.  Ellis  Barker  says :  — 

"  While  we  may  rejoice  that  the  ever-threatening  problem  of 
Constantinople  has  at  last  been  eliminated,  it  is  possible  that  an- 
other may  arise  in  its  place.  The  question  of  Asiatic  Turkey  may 
convulse  the  world  in  a  series  of  devastating  wars  unless  it  be 
solved  together  with  the  other  great  questions  which  will  come 
up  for  settlement  at  the  Peace  Congress. 

"  Innumerable  great  and  small  problems  will  have  to  be  con- 
sidered at  the  Peace.  Not  only  the  map  of  Europe,  but  that  of  the 


108  The  World  War 

world,  will  have  to  be  redrawn.  The  coming  settlement  will  be 
greater,  and  may  be  far  more  difficult,  than  that  made  at  Vienna  a 
hundred  years  ago.  .  .  . 

"  The  question  of  Asiatic  Turkey  is  undoubtedly  a  far  more 
difficult  question  than  that  of  Constantinople.  ...  The  impor- 
tance and  value  of  Asiatic  Turkey  .  .  .  can  scarcely  be  over- 
exaggerated,  for  it  occupies  undoubtedly  the  most  important  stra- 
tegical position  in  the  world.  It  forms  the  nucleus  and  center  of 
the  Old  World.  It  separates,  and  at  the  same  time  connects,  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  and  Africa,  three  continents  which  are  inhabited  by  ap- 
proximately nine  tenths  of  the  human  race.  .  .  . 

"  A  powerful  Asiatic  Turkey  can  obviously  dominate  not  only 
the  Bosporus,  the  Dardanelles,  and  the  Suez  Canal,  but  the  very 
narrow  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea  near  Aden,  and  that  of  the  Persian 
Gulf  near  Muscat  as  well.  It  must  not  be  forgotten  that  only  a 
comparatively  short  distance,  a  stretch  of  country  under  the  nom- 
inal rule  of  weak  and  decadent  Persia,  separates  Asiatic  Turkey  from 
the  Indian  frontier.  It  is  clear  that  Asiatic  Turkey,  lying  in  the 
center  of  the  Old  World,  is  at  the  same  time  a  natural  fortress  of 
the  greatest  defensive  strength  and  an  ideal  base  for  a  surprise 
attack  upon  southern  Russia,  Constantinople,  the  ^Egean  Islands, 
Greece,  the  Suez  Canal,  Egypt,  Persia,  Afghanistan,  and  India." 

Mr.  Barker  quotes  Prof.  Dr.  A.  Sprenger,  former  di- 
rector of  the  Mohammedan  College  of  Calcutta,  who 
wrote  in  his  book,  "  Babylonia,  the  Richest  Land  of 
Antiquity,  and  the  Most  Valuable  Field  of  Colonization 
at  the  Present  Time,"  published  in  1886 :  — 

" '  The  Orient  is  the  only  territory  of  the  earth  which  has  not 
yet  been  seized  by  the  expanding  nations.  It  is  the  most  valuable 
field  of  colonization.  If  Germany  does  not  miss  its  opportunity,  and 
seizes  it  before  the  Cossacks  have  put  their  hands  upon  it,  the 
whole  German  nation  will  gain  by  the  colonization  of  the  East.  As 
soon  as  several  hundred  thousand  German  soldier-colonists  are  at 
work  in  that  glorious  country,  the  German  emperor  can  control 
the  fate  of  Western  Asia  and  the  peace  of  all  Asia.'  .  .  . 

"  It  seems  necessary  for  the  peace  of  the  world,"  Mr.  Barker 
comments  in  conclusion,  "  that  Asiatic  Turkey  in  its  entirety  should 
be  neutralized  .  .  .  under  the  auspices  of  a  strong  but  non-military 
and  unaggressive  State.  ...  If  the  powers  should  not  be  able  to 
agree,  ...  it  would  become  necessary  to  divide  Asiatic  Turkey 
into  zones  of  influence.  .  .  .  However,  it  seems  very  doubtful  whether 
the  partition  of  Asiatic  Turkey  would  prove  a  final  one.  It  is  much 
to  be  feared  that  it  would  lead  to  a  disaster  perhaps  as  great  as 
the  present  war."  i 

'The  Nineteenth  Century  and  Alter.  June,  1916. 


The  Present  Outlook  109 

Thus  it  appears  that  the  more  carefully  we  study  the 
situation  in  the  Near  East,  the  more  clearly  it  is  seen 
that  the  storm-center  of  the  world-conflicts  is  to  be 
Asiatic  Turkey.  For  a  hundred  years  Constantinople 
has  been  the  storm-center  of  European  powers.  That 
city  is  about  to  pass  from  Turkey  into  other  hands,  and 


Copyright,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Plowing  Trenches  in  France 

as  soon  as  the  transfer  is  made,  the  storm-center,  it 
seems  evident,  will  move  to  Asiatic  Turkey.   . 

Future  Possession  of  Jerusalem 

From  the  first  days  of  the  fiery  Crusades  to  the 
present  hour  the  possession  of  Jerusalem  has  been  a 
question  of  contention  among  the  nations  and  religious 
bodies  of  both  Europe  and  Asia.  Elements  of  danger 
still  lurk  in  this  contention. 

It  is  significant  that  already,  on  the  eve  of  Turkey's 
expulsion  from  Constantinople,  claims  to  the  future  pos- 


110 


The  World  War 


session  of  Jerusalem  are  being  set  up.  Herr  A.  Kirch- 
enheim,  in  the  Deutsche  Revue,  under  the  significant 
question,  "Who  is  to  have  Jerusalem?  "  says:- 

"The  solution  of  this  question  is  an  important  part  of  the 
so-called  Eastern  Question.  Constantinople,  of  course,  is  the  brilliant 
on  the  possession  of  which  everything  will  turn  —  from  the  military, 


Photo,  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Krupp  Aerial  Gun 

the  political,  and  the  economic  side  the  most  important;.  Jerusalem 
is  the  other  precious  stone  for  the  possession  of  which  men  fought 
in  the  times  of  the  Crusades,  and  which  again  some  seventy  years 
ago  became  the  cause  of  feuds  and  war.  The  question  of  the  future 
of  Jerusalem  and  of  Palestine  may  not  be  exactly  a  burning  one, 
but  it  is  certainly  one  which  the  politician  will  have  to  consider 
very  soon.  .  .  .  From  the  German  standpoint,  the  powers  could  not 
now  do  anything  better  or  wiser  than  give  Germany  the  preference 
in  Jerusalem.  The  question  is,  Will  the  powers  consider  Germany 
the  most  suitable  country  to  take  over  the  administration  of  this 
part  of  Asia  Minor?  "  2 

2  Quoted  in  Review  of  Reviews,  March,  1914. 


Present  Outlook  111 

It  is  certainly  true  that  the  solution  of  the  question 
as  to  who  is  to  have  Jerusalem,  is  an  important  part 
of  the  Eastern  Question.  While  Constantinople  is  the 
great  "  brilliant "  in  the  Near  East,  Jerusalem  is  the 
other  "  precious  stone  "  coveted  by  all.  The  question  of 
the  future  of.  Jerusalem  and  Palestine,  as  Mr.  Kirchen- 
heim  says,  "  may  not  be  exactly  a  burning  one,  but  it 
is  certainly  one  which  the  politician  will  have  to  con- 
sider very  soon."  He  then  asserts  Germany's  claim,  and 
asks  if  the  powers  will  "  consider  Germany  the  most 
suitable  country  to  take  over  the  administration  of  this 
part  of  Asia  Minor."  The  war  now  devastating  Europe 
is  an  expression  of  the  refusal  of  the  powers  to  allow 
Germany  to  take  over  the  administration  of  either  Con- 
stantinople or  any  part  of  Asia  Minor. 

Unholy  War  in  Palestine 

Already  men  have  the  conviction  that  the  present 
World  War  is  going  to  be  carried  into  Palestine  and 
finished  there.  "  That  millions  are  concerned  about  what 
is  to  become  of  Palestine  and  Jerusalem,"  observes  the 
editor  of  Current  Opinion,3  "  is  more  than  evident  from 
the  many  discussions  of  this  theme  found  in  leading 
periodicals." 

Prof.  L.  Schneller,  a  resident  of  Jerusalem,  tells  us 
that  — 

"Jerusalem  has  now  become  a  great  military  center.  The 
town  and  the  public  highways  are  crowded  with  soldiers  and  their 
equipment.  .  .  .  The  citadel  of  the  city,  with  its  two  mighty  towers 
dating  back  to  the  times  of  King  Herod,  is  the  scene  of  great  things. 
Not  since  the  days  of  the  Crusader  have  such  things  been  wit- 
nessed in  this  sacred  territory.  The  government  has  by  compul- 
sory purchase  secured  from  the  French  owners  the  railroads  of 
the  land,  especially  that  from  Joppa  to  Jerusalem.  The  Holy  Land 
has  again  become  what  it  was  in  the  days  of  the  great  world  powers 
of  antiquity, —  Babylon,  Assyria,  and  Egypt, —  the  military  and 
commercial  gateway  between  Asia  and  Africa."  * 

•June,  1916.  «Idem. 


112  The  World  War 

The  editor  of  the  Sun  declares :  — 

"  As  the  war  develops,  we  may  look  for  early  news  of  clashes 
in  Bible  lands.  At  best  the  Latins  and  Greeks  are  normally  in  a 
state  of  armed  truce  there.  Even  the  fear  of  the  Moslem  does  not 
drive  them  together.  In  Constantinople,  Jerusalem,  Beirut,  Alex- 
andria, and  elsewhere  in  the  region  of  the  Mediterranean,  each  of 
these  faiths  has  a  section  of  the  city  to  itself.  Religion  means  more 
politically  than  it  does  spiritually  to  the  people  of  the  Balkans  and 
of  the  lands  which  were  the  scene  of  Bible  history. 

"  One  of  the  likeliest  effects  of  the  war  will  be  the  realization 
by  certain  powers  of  their  dreams  for  possession  of  Palestine. 
Russia  is  thirsty  for  the  warm  waters  of  the  Mediterranean,  and 
Austria  has  long  been  resolute  to  possess  a  seaport  on  the  yEgean 
Sea. 

"  These  contending  and  intricate  international  aspirations  are 
likely  to  brush  aside  the  sultan's  throne,  and  to  result  in  the  division 
of  the  Turkish  Empire.  Land  and  oil  fields  down  in  the  storied 
region  of  the  Garden  of  Eden  are  coveted  by  both  Germany  and 
Britain;  and  we  may  hear  strange  news  from  the  Persian  Gulf  ere 
peace  pacts  are  signed."  5 

Under  the  title,  "Will  the  War  End  in  Palestine?" 
Mr.  Maynard  Owen  Williams  makes  the  following  sig- 
nificant statements :  — 

"  The  present  war  is  bringing  into  new  prominence  a  land  that 
has  been  the  "battlefield  of  history.  Once  again  the  attention  of  the 
world  is  being  turned  to  the  land  of  Syria.  The  battle  fields  of 
antiquity  may  be  the  battle  fields  of  tomorrow.  Geography  has  laid 
its  impress  on  the  land,  and  history  repeats  itself  along  geographical 
lines.  .  .  . 

"Another  battle  may  drench  Esdraelon  in  blood.  Jerusalem, 
formerly  sheltered  by  its  aloofness  from  the  plains,  now  holds  a 
prominent  place  in  the  thoughts  of  the  governments  whose  mag- 
nificent hospices  have  almost  hidden  the  little  city  which  lies  on 
the  direct  line  of  the  advance  toward  Egypt.  Unholy  war  threat- 
ens to  bring  sorrow  and  suffering  once  more  to  the  land  of  Cal- 
vary. .  .  . 

"Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is  by  no  means  an  improbable 
thing  that  tiny  Judea,  the  birthplace  of  Christ,  may  be  stirred  by 
the  rumble  of  troop  trains,  and  even  quiet  Bethlehem  may  feel  the 
ominous  throb  of  a  land  stirred  by  the  throes  of  war.  The  Holy 
Land  may  be  the  turning-point. 

"  The  citizens  of  Nazareth  may  gaze  down  upon  the  great  battle 
field  of  the  centuries,  and  see  there  the  final  conflict." 

8  New  York  Evening  Sun,  Aug.  8,  1914. 


The  Present  Outlook  113 

Misguided  by  Demons 

The  apostle  John  saw  the  nations  deceived,  mis- 
guided, inflamed,  and  crazed  by  demon  spirits.  He  saw 
these  nations  locked  in  deadly  combat  that  ended  in  the 
extermination  of  the  race.  Then  he  heard  the  voice  of 
God  saying,  "  It  is  done."  Then  there  came  "  a  great 
earthquake,  such  as  was  not  since  men  were  upon  the 
earth,  so  mighty  an  earthquake,  and  so  great.  .  .  .  And 
every  island  fled  away,  and  the  mountains  were  not 
found."  Rev.  16 :  18-20. 

This  account  agrees  with  all  the  others  of  the  Bible 
which  tell  of  the  end  of  all  things  earthly.  It  is  the 
same  as  that  given  by  Joel,  in  which  he  tells  of  the 
universal  proclamation  of  war,  the  beating  of  the  im- 
plements of  agriculture  into  instruments  of  destruction; 
of  the  aroused,  awakened  heathen  nations  gathering  in 
great  multitudes  about  the  valley  of  Jehoshaphat  in 
Palestine.  Then  he  adds :  — 

"  Put  ye  in  the  sickle,  for  the  harvest  is  ripe.  .  .  .  The  Lord  also 
shall  roar  out  of  Zion,  and  utter  his  voice  from  Jerusalem;  and 
the  heavens  and  the  earth  shall  shake:  but  the  Lord  will  be  the  hope 
of  his  people."  Joel  3:  13-16. 

These  seers  must  surely  have  had  a  view  of  the  same 
great  world-conflict  and  the  same  terrible  consequences. 
They  saw  the  warring  nations  hushed  in  death,  and  the 
bloody  strife  forever  past. 

Thus  the  real  Armageddon,  the  Armageddon  of  the 
Bible,  is  a  most  serious  affair.  It  is  under  satanic  lead- 
ership. It  is  backed  by  boundless  ambition  for  con- 
quest, and  insatiable  thirst  for  power.  It  comes  at  the 
close  of  human  history,  setting  at  naught  the  highest 
ideals  of  both  civilization  and  Christianity. 

Armageddon  is  the  last  act  in  the  drama  of  human 
history.  It  ends  with  the  extermination  of  the  human 
race,  except  those  who  have  before  found  refuge  in  God, 
and  it  leaves  the  world  in  utter  ruin. 


MOSES  VIEWING  THE  PROMISED  LAND 


1U 


King:  of  Kings  and  Lord  of  Lords 


A  KINGDOM   OF   RIGHTEOUSNESS 

WHEN  the  great  war  of  Armageddon  closes,  the  cur- 
tain will  go  down  on  a  world  that  will  never  reappear. 
That  war  will  close  an  age  —  an  age  of  conflict  between 
the  forces  of  good  and  of  evil,  an  age  made  terrible 
by  enmity,  strife,  war,  bloodshed,  and  by  indescribable 
sorrow  and  suffering. 

But  that  will  not  be  the  end  of  the  human  race. 
Another  and  a  better  age  will  follow.  In  the  purpose 
of  the  Creator  there  is  something  for  mankind  infinitely 
better  than  anything  that  has  been  experienced  during 
the  present  age  of  mixed  good  and  evil,  with  the  evil 
apparently  triumphant.  As  surely  as  there  is  a  Supreme 
Being,  so  surely  is  there  to  be  "  a  new  heaven  and  a 
new  earth."  The  day  is  coming  when  the  reign  of  sin 
will  be  broken,  and  its  very  existence  ended.  Then  the 
knowledge  of  the  glory  and  righteousness  of  God  will 
cover  the  earth  "  as  the  waters  cover  the  sea."  Hab. 
2:  14.  Then  .the  kingdom  of  God  will  be  established 
among  men,  and  he  will  cause  "  wars  to  cease  unto  the 
end  of  the  earth."  Ps.  46:  9. 

115 


116  The  World  War 

This  is  the  hope  that  inspires  and  sustains  every  be- 
liever in  the  Word  of  the  living  God.  As  another l  has 
said :  — 

"  In  the  midst  of  wars  and  rumors  of  wars,  of  national  changes 
and  the  uncertainty  which  attends  all  human  planning,  this  kingdom 
is  the  refuge  of  faith.  Wearied  as  we  may  be  with  the  rising  and 
falling,  the  waxing  and  waning,  the  uplifting  and  the  destroying, 
which  are  the  successive  developments  of  man's  wisdom  and  power, 
we  may  give  glory  to  God  that  we  stand  near  a  throne  that  can 
shelter  us  always,  and  belong  to  a  kingdom  that  cannot  be  moved. 
And  as  the  noise  of  the  conflict  between  the  good  and  the  evil  is 
heard  all  around  us,  importing  a  terrible  crisis "  for  the  nations 
of  earth,  "shaking  the  foundations  of  fortune,  rending  the  fondest 
associations  of  life,  and  casting  a  veil  of  uncertainty  on  all  the 
prospect  before  us,  it  is  an  unspeakable  privilege  to  see  that  our 
Lord's  throne  stands  unshaken,  and  the  light  of  His  glory  still 
beams  on  Mount  Zion.  For  the  judgments  which  confound  the 
nations  with  terror,  reveal  Christ  to  the  church  as  He  rides  on 
the  storm;  and,  amid  the  upheavings  of  kingdoms,  rises  to  Him 
the  ascription:  'Thine  is  the  kingdom,  the  power,  and  the  glory, 
forever.'  " 

There  is  no  dimness  in  the  vision  of  the  prophets 
concerning  God's  everlasting  kingdom. 

"The  word  of  God  is  pledged.  The  power  of  Satan  shall  be 
broken;  death  is  to  be  destroyed;  the  earth  shall  be  redeemed;  the 
stains  of  sin  shall  be  effaced  from  the  abodes  of  men.  .  .  .  All  proph- 
ecy is  burdened  with  this  pledge  of  a  future  triumph  so  complete 
that  nothing  can  be  desired  to  be  added  to  it;  and  the  last  prayer  of 
the  Bible  is  for  the  speedy  coming  of  the  Lord,  to  assume  His  king- 
dom and  complete  His  work."  2 

The  plan  of  redemption  provides  for  both  a  gospel 
of  righteousness  and  a  kingdom  of  righteousness.  The 
gospel  is  preparing  subjects  for  the  kingdom.  The  gos- 
pel belongs  to  this  age,  the  kingdom  to  the  future  age. 
When  the  gospel  work  is  finished,  this  age  will  end,  and 
there  'will  follow  a  new  age,  in  which  the  kingdom  of 
righteousness  will  be  established.  This  is  the  clearly 
announced  purpose  of  God  for  mankind.  When  His  Son 

.  Robert  R.  Booth.  2  Idem. 


A  Kingdom  of  Righteousness  117 

came  to  this  world  as  the  Saviour  of  men,  it  was  de- 
clared that  this  was  preparatory  to  His  kingship.  Of 
Him  the  heavenly  messenger  said :  — 

"He  shall  be  great,  and  shall  be  called  the  Son  of  the  Highest: 
and  the  Lord  God  shall  give  unto  Him  the  throne  of  His  Father 
David:  and  He  shall  reign  over  the  house  of  Jacob  forever;  and 
of  His  kingdom  there  shall  be  no  end."  Luke  1:  32,  33. 

Centuries  before  the  first  advent  of  Christ,  the 
prophet  Isaiah  had  been  instructed  to  announce :  - 

"Unto  us  a  Child  is  born,  unto  us  a  Son  is  given:  and  the 
government  shall  be  upon  His  shoulder:  and  His  name  shall  be 
called  Wonderful,  Counselor,  The  mighty  God,  The  everlasting 
Father,  The  Prince  of  Peace.  Of  the  increase  of  His  government 
and  peace  there  shall  be  no  end,  upon  the  throne  of  David,  and  upon 
His  kingdom,  to  order  it,  and  to  establish  it  with  judgment  and  with 
justice  from  henceforth  even  forever."  Isa.  9:  7,  8. 

He  shall  be  called  "  The  Prince  of  Peace,"  and  "  the 
government  shall  be  upon  His  shoulder."  In  the  ful- 
ness of  time  He  will  take  control  of  affairs.  The  gov- 
ernment of  this  world  will  then  pass  from  the  hands  of 
men  to  the  Son  of  God.  It  is  then  that  "  the  kingdoms 
of  this  world  "  will  become  "  the  kingdoms  of  our  Lord, 
and  of  His  Christ;  and  He  shall  reign  forever  and 
ever."  Rev.  11:15.  Then  will  be  fulfilled  the  proph- 
ecy of  Daniel,  that  to  the  Son  of  God  there  was  given 
"  dominion,  and  glory,  and  a  kingdom,  that  all  people, 
nations,  and  languages,  should  serve  Him :  His  dominion 
is  an  everlasting  dominion,  which  shall  not  pass  away, 
and  His  kingdom  that  which  shall  .not  be  destroyed." 
Dan.  7:  14. 

The  subjects  of  this  kingdom  will  be  the .  redeemed, 
the  saints  of  the  Most  High ;  for  "  the  kingdom  and  do- 
minion, and  the  greatness  of  the  kingdom  under  the 
whole  heaven,  shall  be  given  to  the  people  of  the  saints 
of  the  Most  High,  whose  kingdom  is  an  everlasting 
kingdom,  and  all  dominions  shall  serve  and  obey  Him." 
Dan.  7:27. 


118 


The  World  War 


These  subjects  are  now  being  prepared  by  the  gospel 
of  salvation.  Thus  it  is  that  throughout  this  age  there 
has  been  a  sharp  conflict  between  the  forces  of  good 
and  of  evil.  As  the  culmination  of  the  controversy  ap- 
proaches, the  conflict  will  grow  more  fierce,  and  the 
visible  agencies  ranged  on  opposite  sides  will  become 
more  active  under  their  opposing  leaders.  This  is  the 
divine  program  as  set  forth  in  the  Scriptures  of  truth. 

The  Great  World-Movements 

The  prophecies  of  the  Bible  foretell  two  great  world- 
movements  which .  are  to  be  signs,  heralds,  of  the  ap- 


"  Go  ye  into  all  the  world,  and  preach  the  gospel  to  every  creature 


proaching  end  of  human  history  and  of  the  setting  up 
of  the  glorious  and  everlasting  kingdom  of  our  Lord  and 
Saviour.  One  of  these  signs  is  a  movement  resulting  in 
the  world-wide  proclamation  of  the  gospel  of  peace  on 
earth  and  good  will  to  men.  The  other  sign  is  a  move- 
ment that  will  result  in  universal  war  among  the  na- 
tions of  the  world. 


A  Kingdom  of  Righteousness  119 

These  two  movements  are  direct  opposites.  One  is 
for  peace ;  the  other  is  for  conflict.  One  brings  life ;  the 
other  brings  death.  One  is  for  restoration;  the  other  is 
for  destruction. 

These  movements  are  both  world  wide  in  their  oper- 
ations. The  gospel  is  to  be  "  preached  in  all  the  world 
for  a  witness  unto  all  nations."  Matt.  24 :  14.  The  war 
is  to  be  carried  on  by  "  the  kings  of  the  earth  and  of 
the  whole  world."  Rev.  16 :  14. 

Both  movements  are  to  be  in  operation  at  the  same 
time.  While  the  heralds  of  the  cross  will  be  proclaim- 
ing the  gospel  of  peace  on  earth,  good  will  to  men,  sal- 
vation from  sin,  and  life  everlasting,  the  war-maddened 
nations  will  be  preaching  war,  beating  their  plowshares 
into  swords,  and  preparing  for  the  mightiest  conflict  of 
all  the  long,  bloody  history  of  the  human  race. 

Both  of  these  world-movements  are  declared  to  be 
signs  of  the  "day  of  God"  and  of  the  "end  of  the 
world."  They  are  active,  impressive,  ever-present  signs. 

These  movements  are  led  by  two  different  forces: 
The  unseen,  heavenly  agencies  that  work  for  righteous- 
ness, life,  and  everlasting  happiness,  are  in  charge  of 
the  great  gospel  movement;  the  unseen  forces  that  stand 
for  sin,  death,  and  eternal  ruin,  are  marshaling  the 
nations  of  earth  for  universal  war  and  devastation. 

To  Every  Nation,  Tongue,  and  People 

The  universality  of  the  movement  that  results  in  the 
proclamation  of  the  gospel  throughout  the  world,  is  one 
of  the  great  outstanding  facts  of  Biblical  prophecy. 
From  first  to  last,  the  gospel  is  set  forth  as  a  world- 
movement  — "  world  wide  in  its  adaptation,  its  intention, 
and  its  power." 

Of  the  far-reaching  extent  of  Christ's  life  and  death 
and  ministry  for  men,  Jehovah  has  declared  through 
Isaiah :  — 


120  The  World  War 

,  "  It  is  a  light  thing  that  Thou  shouldst  be  My  servant  to  raise 
up  the  tribes  of  Jacob,  and  to  restore  the  preserved  of  Israel:  I  will 
also  give  Thee  for  a  light  to  the  Gentiles  [heathen],  that  Thou  mayest 
be  My  salvation  unto  the  end  of  the  earth."  Isa  49:  6. 

And  Malachi,  the  last  of  the  Old  Testament  proph- 
ets, declared  that  "  from  the  rising  of  the  sun  even  unto 
the  going  down  of  the  same  "  the  name  of  Christ  would 
be  "  great  among  the  Gentiles."  Mai.  1 :  11. 

During  His  life  on  earth,  Christ  confined  His  jour- 
neys and  labors  to  the  little  land  of  Palestine,  but  He 
boldly  declared  that  the  message  He  there  proclaimed 
would  eventually  go  to  the  ends  of  the  earth.  He 
said :  — 

"  This  gospel  of  the  kingdom  shall  be  preached  in  all  the  world 
for  a  witness  unto  all  nations;  and  then  shall  the  end  come."  Matt. 
24:  14. 

What  a  daring  prediction!  At  the  time  He  made  it^ 
Jesus  stood  almost  alone  in  the  world.  He  was  not  rec- 
ognized by  any  of  the  world's  great  and  influential  lead- 
ers. The  Roman  government  was  against  Him,  His 
own  nation  had  rejected  Him.  His  followers  were  few, 
and  of  the  most  common  sort.  He  had  been  born  in  the 
stable  of  an  inn.  During  His  public  ministry,  He  was 
so  poor  that  He  had  no  regular  home,  and  He  made  no 
provision  for  food.  When  not  entertained  by  others,  He 
slept  in  the  open ;  and  oftentimes  He  gathered  such  fruits 
and  grains  from  the  land  as  the  customs  of  the  times 
permitted.  He  knew  that  at  the  close  of  His  career  as 
a  man  among  men,  He  was  to  be  crucified  with  crim- 
inals, and  to  be  buried  in  a  borrowed  tomb. 

But  notwithstanding  these  untoward  conditions,  and 
in  the  face  of  them  all,  He  calmly,  confidently,  boldly 
declared  to  all  men,  through  all  time,  that  His  message 
would  be  proclaimed  to  all  the  people  of  the  world. 
The  movement  He  had  set  on  foot  would,  He  gave  assur- 
ance, spread  over  the  face  of  the  earth,  taking  perma- 
nent root  and  bearing  glorious  fruit  in  every  nation. 


A  Kingdom  of  Righteousness  121 

How  wonderfully  have  the  centuries  worked  out  the 
forecast  of  this  lone  Man  of  Galilee!  Today  the  possi- 
bilities for  the  fulfilment  of  His  bold  prediction  are 
all  that  could  be  desired.  Today  His  gospel  is  being 
"  preached  in  all  the  world."  This  prophecy  of  the 
Master  furnishes  the  explanation  of  the  marvelous  de- 
velopments of  the  past  century. 

Explorers  the  Pathfinders   for  Missionaries 

Much  that  pertains  to  exploration,  discovery,  inven- 
tion, education,  and  the  world's  progress  generally,  has 
surely  been  stimulated  and  controlled  by  an  overrul- 
ing Providence  for  the  proclamation  of  Christ's  gospel 
throughout  the  world. 

Exploration  and  discovery  have  given  civilized  na- 
tions clear,  well-defined  knowledge  of  all  the  habitable 
parts  of  the  world.  This  is  the  first  time  in  the  history 
of  man  when  the  whole  earth,  with  its  many  peoples, 
has  become  universally  known.  As  late  as  the  opening 
of  the  nineteenth  century,  nearly  one  third  of  the  globe 
was  absolutely  unknown  to  civilized  people. 

"  At  the  beginning  of  Queen  Victoria's  reign,  practically  nothing 
was  known  of  the  interior  of  China  and  Japan,  central  Asia,  Tibet, 
and  Afghanistan.  As  late  as  1880  the  interior  of  Africa  was  al- 
most a  blank." 

How  different  the  conditions  today !  During  the  past 
century,  explorers,  navigators,  and  discoverers  have 
found  every  land,  ascended  every  navigable  river,  and 
penetrated  to  the  very  heart  of  nearly  every  nation  and 
tribe  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  This  has  opened  India, 
China,  Japan,  Africa,  the  island  groups  of  the  Pacific, 
South  America,  and  all  other  lands,  to  Western  civili- 
zation and  Christian  missionary  endeavor. 

Marvelous   Transportation  Facilities 

While  explorers  have  been  bringing  to  the  knowledge 
of  the  world  the  location,  distribution,  and  conditions  of 


iiiii 


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A  Kingdom  of  Righteousness  123 

the  races,  inventors  and  capitalists  have  at  the  same 
time  been  hard  at  work  providing  transportation  fa- 
cilities for  safely  yet  quickly  reaching  any  and  every 
part  of  the  world. 

When  the  nineteenth  century  opened,  there  was  not 
an  ocean  steamer  afloat,  nor  was  there  a  mile  of  rail- 
road on  the  planet.  Now  there  are  steamship  lines 
traversing  the  seas  to  every  important  port  on  the  globe, 
while  the  railway  lines  reach  the  enormous  total  of 
nearly  one  million  miles  —  enough  to  belt  the  globe  forty 
times.  These  railway  lines  open  continents,  cross  sandy 
deserts,  bridge  rivers,  and  scale  and  tunnel  mountain 
ranges.  By  means  of  these  transportation  facilities,  a 
journey  can  be  made  around  the  world  in  a  little  more 
than  a  month,  and  almost  the  remotest  mission  station 
in  a  heathen  land  can  be  reached  within  two  months 
from  an  administrative  center  in  a  Christian  land. 

The  captains  of  industry  who  have  provided  these 
transportation  facilities  at  the  expense  of  untold  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  have  had  uppermost  in  their  plans  the 
world's  commerce;  but  the  great  Ruler  of  men  and 
nations  has  had  in  view  the  evangelization  of  the  world 
in  this  generation,  and  has  thus  controlled  their  ambi- 
tions and  directed  their  energies. 

The   Transmission   of   Knowledge 

By  means  of  the  printing  press,  the  telegraph  and 
cable  and  telephone  lines,  the  public  school  systems,  the 
public  libraries,  and  the  scientific,  historical,  and  geo- 
graphical societies,  information,  can  now  be  easily  and 
speedily  conveyed  to  the  great  masses  throughout  the 
world.  Sixty  thousand  newspapers  are  being  published 
and  widely  distributed  in  all  lands.  As  Henry  Ward 
Beecher  once  said :  — 

"  Knowledge  may  be  said,  almost  literally,  to  be  without  money 
and  without  price,  when  for  a  penny  a  man,  every  day,  may  have 
newspapers  that  cover  the  contemporaneous  history  of  the  globe. 


124  The  World  War 

Books  are  cheaper  than  bread.  None  are  so  poor  that  they  cannot 
have  the  reading  of  the  record  of  events  transpiring  in  every  nation 
on  the  globe.  And  while  we  multiply  the  means  of  knowledge  at 
home,  the  facility  of  transportation  makes  it  easier  to  send  them  to 
the  uttermost  parts  of  the  earth  than  in  our  fathers'  days  it  was  to 
supply  the  near  districts  of  our  own  land." 

How  wonderfully  have  been  developed  the  material 
instruments  by  which  the  knowledge  of  truth  may  be 
multiplied  and  diffused!  It  is  literally  true,  as  Dr. 
Leonard  has  observed,  that  "  steamships,  railroads,  and 
international  postal  systems,  telegraph  and  cable  lines, 
are  all  placed  under  tribute  that  the  way  of  the  king- 
dom of  God  may  be  established  in  all  the  earth."  3 

The  Rule  of  Protestant  Nations 

One  great  change  that  has  taken  place  in  the  inter- 
ests of  foreign  mission  conquests,  has  been  the  trans- 
fer of  a  large  proportion  of  the  territory  of  the  world 
from  non-Christian  nations  to  nations  favoring  Chris- 
tianity. In  1600,  "  only  seven  per  cent  of  the  territory 
of  the  world  was  controlled  by  Christian  nations,  but 
today  eighty-two  per  cent,  so  that  the  growth  of  Chris- 
tian control  has  passed,  in  three  hundred  years,  from 
seven  to  eighty-two  per  cent,  while  the  control  of  non- 
Christian  nations  has  decreased  from  ninety-three  per 
cent  to  eighteen  per  cent." 

There  are  more  millions  of  people  under  the  rule  of 
Protestant  nations  today  than  there  are  under  the  rule 
of  all  the  heathen  nations  combined.  There  is  great 
significance  in  this  change  of  population  from  the  con- 
trol of  non-Christian  to  Protestant  nations.  It  is  alto- 
gether in  favor  of  the  efforts  of  the  Christian  church  to 
make  Christ  known  to  all  men. 

The  Bible  and  World  Evangelism 

The  Bible  is  Christ's  message  in  written  form,  and 
today  it  is  in  greater  demand  than  at  any  previous  time 

•"The  Way  of  the  Lord  Prepared,"  p.  86. 


A  Kingdom  of  Righteousness  125 

in  its  centuries  of  existence.  For  a  hundred  years,  the 
Bible  societies  have  been  printing  and  circulating  great 
numbers  of  this  book.  The  average  yearly  circulation 
of  the  Bible  and  portions  thereof  at  the  present  time  is 
more  than  fifteen  millions  of  copies.  It  is  now  printed 
in  more  than  five  hundred  languages  and  dialects.  The 
American  Bible  Society,  in  its  annual  report  for  1913, 
declared  that  the  requests  which  came  to  the  society 
during  that  year  for  more  copies  of  the  Bible  were  so 
pressing  and  insistent  as  to  be  in  the  nature  of  de- 
mands, and  this  after  a  hundred  years  of  great  activity, 
during  which  this  one  society  distributed  a  hundred  mil- 
lion copies  and  parts  of  copies! 

During  the  same  century  the  British  and  Foreign 
Bible  Society  distributed  two  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
million  copies.  And  still  that  book  is  the  best  seller  in 
the  world.  Having  survived  hundreds  of  bitter  attacks 
from  its  enemies,  it  is  now  the  most  potent  book  in  the 
hands  of  the  human  race.  It  lives  in  the  hearts  of  men, 
influencing  them  more  and  more  as  the  years  go  by. 
This  marvelous  fact  is  a  mighty  challenge  to  every  man. 
All  hail  the  power  of  Jesus'  word! 

Closed  Doors  Have  Opened 

The  growth,  the  power,  and  the  achievements  of  the 
foreign  missions  movement  during  the  past  century  are 
truly  marvelous.  One  hundred  years  ago  there  were  less 
than  one  hundred  Protestant  missionaries  at  work  in 
non-Christian  lands.  These  were  confined  to  a  very  few 
places.  In  fact,  most  of  the  heathen  world  was  closed 
against  them.  Now  all  but  a  very  few  lands  are  wide 
open  to  Christian  missionaries. 

And  these  open  doors  in  all  parts  of  the  world  are 
being  entered.  Today  there  are  twenty-five  thousand 
foreign  missionaries  stationed  in  non-Christian  and  non- 
Protestant  lands.  These  foreign  workers  are  assisted  by 


THE  PROMISED  KINGDOM 
"They  shall  not  hurt  nor  destroy  in  all  My  holy  mountain/' 

126 


A  Kingdom  of  Righteousness  127 

one  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  native  Christians 
who  have  accepted  the  gospel.  Thus  by  preaching  and 
teaching,  by  circulating  the  Scriptures  and  Christian  lit- 
erature, and  by  living  Christian  lives,  the  missionaries 
are  making  known  the  gospel  to  multiplied  millions  who 
had  never  heard  of  it  a  few  decades  ago.  All  that  is  now 
done  is  in  unlocking  and  throwing  wide  open  other  doors, 
and  making  louder  the  call  to  the  church  for  more  mis- 
sionaries. John  R.  Mott  says :  — 

"  There  never  was  a  time  when  Simultaneously  in  so  many  sec- 
tions of  the  world  the  opportunities  for  the  extension  of  the  Chris- 
tian religion  were  so  numerous  and  so  extensive  as  at  the  present 
time.  This  is  true  in  the  Far  East  and  the  Near  East,  in  southern 
Asia,  in  the  Pacific  island  world,  in  nearly  all  parts  of  Africa,  and 
of  Latin  America.  Moreover,  so  far  as  one  can  forecast  the  future, 
there  is  not  likely  to  come  a  time  when  the  opportunities  will  be 
greater  than  those  with  which  the  Christian  church  must  deal  today." 

The  Approaching  End  of  the  Ages 

Thus,  while  the  World  War  that  involved  so  many 
of  the  great  powers  in  1914,  presages  the  rapid  ap- 
proach of  universal  war  and  universal  ruin, —  even  the 
Armageddon  of  prophetic  Scripture  that  is  to  result  in 
the  utter  destruction  of  the  kingdoms  of  this  world, — 
God  is  bringing  into  operation  special  providences  for 
the  furtherance  of  the  gospel  movement  which  will  re- 
sult in  the  establishment  of  the  everlasting  kingdom  of 
our  Lord  and  Saviour.  The  great  outstanding  world- 
movements  now  in  progress  can  have  no  other  meaning. 
They  are  divinely  appointed  signs  of  the  approaching 
end.  Soon  will  be  heard  a  voice  from  heaven  declaring, 
"  The  former  things  are  passed  away.  .  .  .  Behold,  I 
make  all  things  new."  Rev.  21 :  4,  5.  Thus,  and  only 
thus,  will  be  realized  the  hopes  of  those  who  today  are 
looking  for  a  new  and  better  world  following  the  ces- 
sation of  hostilities  among  the  nations.  The  predictions 
of  the  Bible  prophets  are  declared  to  be  "  true  and 
faithful "  (Rev.  21 :  5)  ;  they  will  surely  come  to  pass. 


128  The  World  War 

The  Gospel  Invitation 

In  the  marvelous  missionary  movement  of  the  pres- 
ent generation  may  be  read  the  compassionate  purpose 
of  God  in  behalf  of  the  entire  human  race.  Today  is 
sounding  in  every  land  the  message :  — 

"  Fear  God,  and  give  glory  to  Him;  for  the  hour  of  His  judgment 
is  come:  and  worship  Him  that  made  heaven,  and  earth,  and  the 
sea,  and  the  fountains  of  waters."  Rev.  14:  7. 

In  connection  with  this  are  given  solemn  warnings 
against  becoming  entangled  with  any  world-movements 
the  outcome  of  which  will  be  utter  destruction.  (See 
verses  8-12.)  This  message  of  warning  and  entreaty  is 
the  everlasting  gospel  now  sounding  in  all  the  earth. 
And  with  the  proclamation  of  this  message  is  given  the 
warning  of  our  Saviour  Himself,  "  Behold,  I  come 
quickly.  .  .  .  Blessed  are  they  that  do  His  command- 
ments, that  they  may  have  right  to  the  tree  of  life, 
and  may  enter  in  through  the  gates  into  the  city," — 
even  the  New  Jerusalem,  where  God  is  to  tabernacle 
with  men. 

.  Then  the  world's  Redeemer  and  King  will  take  this 
sin-cursed,  storm-tossed,  blood-drenched  world  into  His 
own  control  for  its  full  and  complete  reconstruction. 
This  present  world,  with  all  its  sin  and  misery,  will 
pass  away.  Every  trace  of  sin  and  its  terrible  effects 
will  be  removed.  All  things  will  be  made  new.  And 
this  earth,  thus  renewed  and  restored  to  its  Eden  beauty, 
will  be  given  to  those  who  have  accepted  Christ  as  their 
Saviour  and  King. 

What  a  world  that  will  be!  What  an  age  in  which 
to  live!  Of  that  life  and  that  kingdom  there  will  be 
no  end. 

"The  Spirit  and  the  bride  say,  Come.  And  let  him 
that  heareth  say,  Come.  And  let  him  that  is  athirst 
come.  And  whosoever  will,  let  him  take  the  water  of 
life  freely."  Rev.  22:17. 


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